The Effect of Electric Flow on Decorative Krom Electroplating with Copper Base Metal Toward Corrosion Rate

In this study a decorative chrome electroplating process has been carried out with a copper base metal, metal electroplating is often used as a means to provide a thin layer on the surface of other metals or substrates using metal which has advantages in terms of property and corrosion resistance. In decorative chrome electroplating nickel and chrome are used as coatings, nickel and chrome are used as coatings because of their protective and decorative properties, protective means they can prevent corrosion and decorative because they look shiny so they look attractive. Copper metal is chosen because of its huge application in the community. This study aims to measure the corrosion rate in copper metal after a decorative chrome electroplating process based on electric current used during the electroplating process. This research is important because during the electroplating process a decorative chrome electoplating technique will be obtained in the form of modules, and the module will be used to train students to increase their skills. This research was conducted in the IKIP Mataram chemical laboratory with a time of one year. The process carried out in this study sequentially is to prepare an electrolyte solution used for electroplating, preparing the copper base metal to be free of oxide or rust, nickel coating and finally coating with chrome. From the coating process carried out then the results will be analyzed the corrosion rate by immersion in NaCl solution at a concentration of 36.05 grams / L for 336 hours, based on variations in electric current used during the electroplating process of 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; and 2.5 Ampere, the corrosion rate results were 0.029; 0.013; 0.017; 0.022; and 0.012 mm / yr; while the copper metal which is not coated with a corrosion rate is 0.308 mm / yr. Thus it can be concluded that copper metal coated with nickel chrome will effectively resist the lowest rate of corrosion in the current given 2.5 Ampere

Pengaruh Pembelajaran Savi Berbasis Media Simulasi Interaktif terhadap Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Mahasiswa pada Materi Elektrokimia

Characteristics of electrochemical material that contains abstract concepts. Hence often have difficulty in teaching it. An effective approach as a solution is the SAVI-based interactive learning approach of interactive simulation. Learning SAVI-based interactive media has an animation program that is able to represent abstract concepts in electrochemical materials through visualization and not illustration of the concept in narrative. The purpose of this research is to know the influence of SAVI learning approach to students\u27 critical thinking skill in electrochemical material. The type of research used is quasi-experimental research. The research design used is posttest only control group design. The sample was divided into two groups: experiment and control group. The research instrument uses critical thinking skill test through rubric. The results show that the SAVI approach has a positive effect on critical thinking skills compared to conventional methods. We conclude that the SAVI learning approach has been able to improve students\u27 critical thinking skills

Validitas Modul Kimia Berbasis Problem Based Research PBR pada Materi Larutan Elektrolit dan Nonelektrolit

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the module based on Problem Based Research (PBR) on electrolyte and non-electrolyte solution material. This research is a descriptive qualitative research to assess and obtain chemical modules on electrolyte solution and non-electrolyte material based on Problem Based Research (PBR). Module development in this study follows the three stages of the ADDIE model, namely, the analysis stage (Analyze), the design stage (Design), and the development stage (Development). Data obtained using questionnaires. The results of the expert lecturer validation showed that the module is valid with a percentage of 81.5%. The results of the expert validity test showed a validity percentage of 92.5%. Furthermore, the group trial was limited to 10 students, the responses were obtained that the aspects of language, readability, and appearance of the module were very good. These results indicate that the Problem Based Research (PBR) -based module on electrolyte and non-electrolyte solution material is developed valid to be continued at the implementation stage, and evaluation

Analisis Pembuatan Peta Zona Rawan Bencana Tsunami pada Daerah Pesisir (Studi Lokasi : Pesisir Kota Bandar Lampung)

Based on Undang-undang No. 24 of 2007 about preventive of disaster, that disaster is caused by phenomenon such as earth quake, volcano eruption, flood, dryness, typhoon, and landslide. This research will analyze how to make a tsunami-prone zone map for coastal area in order to give direction to prevent tsunami disaster. This research uses image of location to create map to determine location of tsunami-prone and also evacuation path as early alarm to minimize victims. From this map, discovered that if wave height is 5 m, tsunami will reach154 m from coastline. While if wave height is 15m, tsunami will reach 488 m from coast line. If wave height is 25 m, tsunami will reach 843 m from coastline, and for wave height of 40 m, tsunami will reach 955 m from coastline

Gejala Penyerta pada Balita Diare dengan Infeksi Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli (Epec) di Puskesmas Rawat Inap Kota Pekanbaru

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a major cause of diarrhea in children below 5 years of age in the developing countries. The present study to detect the symptoms EPEC from childhood diarrhea has been done on April 2014 until October 2014. A total of 47 fecal specimens were collected from five hospitality primary health care in Pekanbaru and examination has been done in Microbiology Laboratory of Medical Faculty Riau University. The clinical manifestations are obtained is fever (57.45%), vomiting (46.80%), mucoid stools (36.17%), no symptoms (17.20%) and mild-moderate dehydration (74.46%). Results found that from all of the fecal specimen, 2 (4.35%) samples were positive EPEC. The infants with diarrhea who had positive EPEC experiencing fever and moderate dehydration

Aktivitas Antifouling Avicennia Marina terhadap Macrofouler Perna Viridis

Fouling can be defined as undesired aggregation of living organism on float or submerged thing (ships, wharf, and the others off shore building). Fouling may effect on the function and maintenance of an object by lessen their lifetime, and evoked invasive species. TBT antifouling materials such as in paint widely used to prevent fouling organism, but this substance gave negative impact on the environment. It not only wipe out fouling organism but also other organism and some degree cause imposex. Therefore in 2008, the use of this antifouling was banned by International Maritime Organization. This research aiming to found potential marine natural product there are mangrove as antifouling. This research was conducted on September to December 2016. The experimental design for this research was using completely randomized design. Result shows that experimental the extract of Avicennia marina did not have significant impact on Perna viridis ability to bind onto subtrate. Nevertheless, A. marina had impact on P. Viridis byssus production. Lesser number and shorter length of byssus was yield from the treatment concentration compared to the control. This research indicated that Avicennia marina may has antifouling potential, but further study is needed

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication