Estudio Comparativo Entre Tanque Imhoff y Lagunas de Estabilizacion para Reuso del Agua en Riego

La siguiente investigación “Estudio Comparativo entre Tanque Imhoff y Laguna de Estabilización para Reusó del Agua Residual en Riego” presenta como problema general: ¿Cuál es el mejor sistema que permita el reusó del agua tratada en riego entre el Tanque Imhoff y la Laguna estabilización? el objetivo general es: Determinar qué sistema es el mejor para el reusó de aguas tratadas en riego entre el Tanque Imhoff y la Laguna de Estabilización, para esto tenemos la justificación siguiente: La falta de agua para la población como para la agricultura en los distritos de Sapallanga y Ataura, para esto se pretende contrastar la siguiente hipótesis general: Las lagunas de Estabilización permiten un mejor reusó del agua tratada para riego. La Metodología será el Método Científico, el tipo de investigación será aplicada y tecnológico, el diseño de Investigación será: no experimental / corte trasversal, el ámbito de estudio será: agua residual (Sapallanga – Huancayo), (Ataura – Jauja) población: Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales en Sapallanga y Ataura, el resultado será: M1 muestra en Sapallanga, M2 muestra en Ataura, la técnica de recolección de datos: Observación, Campo y laboratotio, la conclucion es: Las diferencias entre el Tanque Imhoff y la Laguna de Estabilización nos indica que la Laguna de Estabilización es más apta para la reutilización del agua tratada en proyectos de irrigación, ya que los resultados del agua tratada que bota la Laguna de Estabilización están dentro de los parámetros

Lectura, una salida a la vida o una vía de salida

La intención de la investigación Lectura, una salida a la vida ó una vía de salida, es la de mostrar diferentes formas de abordar la lectura de libros ilustrados con un grupo de niños de grado segundo en una escuela en Bogotá, Colombia. Esta investigación se realizó desde una entrevista a un experto y de cuatro círculos de lectura que se realizaron los días martes, desde el 19 de Febrero hasta el 12 de marzo de 2013. Las bases teóricas de la propuesta están referenciadas en los siguientes escritores: Paulo Freire, Michele Petit, Fernando Barcena, Jorge Larrosa cuya premisa sobre la lectura es la de una experiencia enriquecedora más allá de la escuela, y de un espacio de construcción de vida junto al otro. Los círculos de lectura se dan como una forma diferente de leer en la escuela, que abren espacio para el diálogo y el acercamiento con los niños, y que como forma de expresión también permiten el reconocimiento del otro.The intention of this research, Reading a way out of life or a way out, is to depict different approaches to reading picture books with a group of second grade children at a school in Bogota, Colombia. This research was addressed from an interview with an expert and four reading groups that were conducted on Tuesdays, from February 19 until March 12, 2013. The theoretical basis is referenced in the following writers: Paulo Freire, Michele Petit, Fernando Barcena, Jorge Larrosa which proposal on reading is an enriching experience beyond the school and the building of a living space next to another. Reading circles are given as a different way of reading in school, opening space for dialogue and rapprochement with the children, and as a form of expression also allow the recognition of others.Licenciado (a) en Educación Básica con Énfasis en Humanidades y Lengua CastellanaPregrad

Bioactive compounds recovery optimization from vine pruning residues using conventional heating and microwave-assisted extraction methods

Polyphenol compounds from vine pruning residue (VPR) were extracted by conventional heating and microwave-assisted treatments. For each treatment, total phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity were optimized by experimental design. Maximal extraction of polyphenolic compounds (2.17g/100g VPR) was obtained at 80°C, 120min and 45% of ethanol by conventional heating, and 2.37g/100g of VPR were extracted by microwave-assisted process at 120°C, 5min and 60% of ethanol. Ellagic acid and apigenin were the predominant polyphenolic compounds in the extracts, achieving concentration of 68.65 and 208.23mg/100g VPR, respectively for conventional heating and 185.15 and 118.84mg/100g of VPR for microwave-assisted treatment. The results showed reduction of extraction time and energy consumption for microwave-assisted treatment leading to cost-effective technology for the extraction of polyphenol compounds. Furthermore, the results hereby compiled allow for the tailor-made extraction of specific high-value compounds from a renewable biomass as vine pruning residue.Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2019 unitBioTecNorte operation(NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do NorteInternational Cooperation Program CNPq/CSFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Relación de los centros educativos de enseñanza secundaria con el entorno en Iberoamérica

La presente aportación recoge la visión de 46 especialistas de trece países iberoamericanos sobre las formas de entender y promover la relación de los centros educativos con el entorno. Situados en la enseñanza secundaria (y en la franja de edad de 15 a 18 años), se trata de delimitar la manera cómo se conecta la vida interna y la vida externa del centro educativo, presentando los modelos que se utilizan, las estrategias de intervención y las experiencias más significativas en cada uno de los países. Las aportaciones no buscan tanto revisar la vinculación de los centros educativos entre sí como de analizar fundamentalmente las vinculaciones con la comunidad y las organizaciones que acoge (asociaciones, empresas, organizaciones gubernamentales o no gubernamentales significativas,…). Al respecto, una parte de los escritos recogen experiencias y estrategias que concretan la relación que estudiamos. Esperamos sea así un apoyo para los estudiosos de la temática, pero también aporte contenidos que ayuden a los directivos a mejorar su gestión de las relaciones externas. La orientación de los escritos al análisis organizativo y a la función de los directivos como promotores de las relación con la comunidad tiene que ver con las finalidades y objetivos de la RedAGE; también con el convencimiento por parte de los que escriben que la ordenación que se haga del contexto de intervención y la actuación de los directivos es fundamental para obtener y mantener las respuestas más idóneas a las exigencias del medio socio-cultural-económico. Su realización se vincula al encuentro de especialistas de la RedAGE realizado en el mes de marzo de 2013 en La Paz. Allí, los representantes de las organizaciones miembro presentaron y debatieron, durante el mismo, documentos sobre la temática de la vinculación escuela y entorno, en sus respectivos países, que constituyen la base sobre la que se han realizado las aportaciones definitivas que recoge el presente texto. Se cubre así y de nuevo un propósito fundamental de la Red AGE, como es el de fomentar el intercambio de experiencias, la promoción del conocimiento sobre administración y gestión educativa y la reflexión sobre la práctica de la gestión. La finalidad última es la de mejorar el funcionamiento de los centros educativos (y, a través de ellos, de los sistemas educativos), procurando sean de calidad y un instrumento para el cambio profesional y social

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Métodos y técnicas de monitoreo y predicción temprana en los escenarios de riesgos socionaturales

Esta obra concentra los métodos y las técnicas fundamentales para el seguimiento y monitoreo de las dinámicas de los escenarios de riesgos socionaturales (geológicos e hidrometeorológicos) y tiene como objetivo general orientar, apoyar y acompañar a los directivos y operativos de protección civil en aterrizar las acciones y políticas públicas enfocadas a la gestión del riesgo local de desastre

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Vulneración económica de los agricultores de productos orgánicos por parte de las agroindustrias de productos transgénicos

TesisLa presente tesis titulada “LA VULNERACIÓN ECONÓMICA DE LOS AGRICULTORES DE PRODUCTOS ORGÁNICOS POR PARTE DE LAS AGROINDUSTRIAS DE PRODUCTOS TRANSGÉNICOS”, es un tema de gran relevancia jurídica en nuestra sociedad, por lo cual la presente investigación se basará en un análisis doctrinario, jurídico y del análisis de la legislación comparada, teniendo como base el aporte de diferentes fuentes bibliográficas, así como un trabajo de campo que han servido de apoyo para cumplir con los objetivos trazados

Tiempo transcurrido entre primer contacto médico e inicio del tratamiento oncológico, en pacientes pediátricos de SOLCA-Cuenca, período 2009-2018

Antecedentes.- El cáncer es la principal causa de muerte en niños y adolescentes alrededor del mundo. Cerca de 300.000 pacientes de edades entre 0-19 años son diagnosticados por año. En países desarrollados se observa que el tiempo necesario desde que el paciente acude por primera vez a un médico por síntomas del cáncer hasta el inicio de tratamiento es menor en comparación con países en vías de desarrollo. Objetivo general.- Conocer el tiempo transcurrido desde el primer contacto médico hasta el inicio del tratamiento oncológico en los pacientes pediátricos del Instituto del cáncer SOLCA-Cuenca en el periodo 2009-2018. Metodología.- Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Se analizaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes y se obtuvo los datos de las variables edad, genero, procedencia, residencia, tipo de cáncer de los pacientes pediátricos, tiempo transcurrido entre el primer contacto médico y el tratamiento oncológico, la unidad de referencia y primer contacto médico. El universo y la muestra fueron las mismas, y estuvieron conformados por los pacientes diagnosticados de cáncer que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El procesamiento y análisis de los datos se realizó con estadígrafos descriptivos mediante el programa PSPP 1.2.0. Resultados: El tiempo transcurrido desde el primer contacto médico hasta el inicio de tratamiento requirió un mínimo de 1 día y un máximo de 276 días con un promedio de 41 días. Conclusiones: El tiempo transcurrido para iniciar el tratamiento, desde el inicio de los síntomas fue menor a 30 días, condición que se cumplió en el 50 % de los pacientes de este estudio. Este período coincide con lo recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud.Background: Cancer is the main cause of death in children and adolescents around the world. About 300,000 patients aged 0-19 years are diagnosed per year. In developed countries, it is observed that the time required from the patient visits a doctor for the first time for cancer symptoms to the start of treatment is shorter compared to developing countries. Objective: To know the elapsed time from the first medical contact to the beginning of oncological treatment in pediatric patients of the SOLCA-Cuenca Cancer Institute in the period 2009-2018. Methodology: A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was carried out. The medical records of the patients were analyzed and the data of the variables age, gender, origin, residence, type of cancer of the pediatric patients, elapsed time between the first medical contact and oncological treatment, the reference unit and the first medical contact were obtained. The universe and the sample were the same, and were made up of patients diagnosed with cancer who met the inclusion criteria. The data was processed and analyzed using descriptive statistics through the PSPP 1.2.0 program. Results: The elapsed time from the first medical contact to the beginning of the treatment required a minimum of 1 day and a maximum of 276 days with an average of 41 days. Conclusions: The elapsed time to start treatment from the beginning of symptoms was less than 30 days, a condition that was met in 50% of the patients in this study. This period coincides with that recommended by the World Health Organization.MédicoCuenc