Do Single Women Value Early Retirement more than Single Men?

The focus of this paper is to analyse why a large fraction of single elderly people choose to retire early. A structural model directly based on the individual decision of labour supply is estimated on a sample of singles, where singles are defined as those who are living alone. We find that income and health are important determinants of the retirement decision. Furthermore, we find substantial gender differences in the retirement pattern. Healthy single women value retirement more than healthy single men and are willing to reduce their disposable income to 74 per cent of their previous income while men are willing to reduce the income to 81 per cent. Men’s retirement decision is mainly influenced by income and health, whereas women’s retirement decision is also affected by education and unemployment experience.retirement; gender differences; singles; panel data; option value

Job Displacement and Health Outcomes: A Representative Panel Study

We investigate whether job loss as the result of displacement causes ill health. In doing this we use much better data than any previous investigators. Our data are a random 10% sample of the adult population of Denmark for the years 1981-1999. For this large representative panel we have very full records on demographics, health and work status for each person throughout the data period. As well as this we can link every person to a firm (if they are working) and can identify all workers who are displaced in any year, using a variety of definitions of displacement. We focus on one very precise health outcome, hospitalisation for stress related disease, since this is a grave condition and is widely thought to be likely to be associated with unemployment. We use the method of ‘matching on observables’ to estimate the counter-factual of what would have happened to the health of a particular group of displaced workers if they had not in fact been displaced. Our results indicate unequivocally that being displaced in Denmark does not cause hospitalisation for stress related disease. An analysis of the power of our test suggests that even though we are looking for a relatively rare outcome, our data set is large enough to show even quite small an effect if there were any. Supplementary analyses do not show any causal link from displacement or unemployment to our health outcomes for particular groups that might be thought to be more susceptible.unemployment; job displacement; health; matching on observables

Noise-induced macroscopic bifurcations in globally-coupled chaotic units

Large populations of globally-coupled identical maps subjected to independent additive noise are shown to undergo qualitative changes as the features of the stochastic process are varied. We show that for strong coupling, the collective dynamics can be described in terms of a few effective macroscopic degrees of freedom, whose deterministic equations of motion are systematically derived through an order parameter expansion.Comment: Phys. Rev. Lett., accepte

Model evaluation for glycolytic oscillations in yeast biotransformations of xenobiotics

Anaerobic glycolysis in yeast perturbed by the reduction of xenobiotic ketones is studied numerically in two models which possess the same topology but different levels of complexity. By comparing both models' predictions for concentrations and fluxes as well as steady or oscillatory temporal behavior we answer the question what phenomena require what kind of minimum model abstraction. While mean concentrations and fluxes are predicted in agreement by both models we observe different domains of oscillatory behavior in parameter space. Generic properties of the glycolytic response to ketones are discussed

Наноалмазы как идеальные наноносители для циансодежащих цитостатиков

Цианосодержащие цитостатики - новый класс открытых нами лекарств, которые благодаря цианогруппам хорошо закрепляются на наноалмазах, с увеличением активности

A Tetragonal Natrolite.

Tetragonal natrolite has been found as white or, less frequently as, dull pink micro-crystalline aggregates in hydrothermal veins in naujaite, at two separate localities in Ilímaussaq. The aggregates are built up of sheaf-like groups of prismatic crystals, the greatest dimension of which is about 0.01 mm. The single crystals are bounded by a single prism and either a basal pinacoid or a bipyramid. The density is 2.210 ± 0.002. The mineral is uniaxial, optically positive. nε = 1.493 ± 0.001 , nω = 1.480 ± 0.001. DTA and TGA curves of both ordinary natrolite and tetragonal natrolite are presented ; tetragonal natrolite dehydrates at a slightly lower temperature than ordinary natrolite. The mineral is tetragonal, space group probably 142d. The unit cell dimensions are: a0 = 13.043 ± 0.001 Å, c0 = 6.619 ± 0.001 Å, and Vol. = 2252 Å3 . The chemical composition of the mineral falls within the range of composition of natrolites as reported in the literature.Tetragonal natrolite has been found as white or, less frequently as, dull pink micro-crystalline aggregates in hydrothermal veins in naujaite, at two separate localities in Ilímaussaq. The aggregates are built up of sheaf-like groups of prismatic crystals, the greatest dimension of which is about 0.01 mm. The single crystals are bounded by a single prism and either a basal pinacoid or a bipyramid. The density is 2.210 ± 0.002. The mineral is uniaxial, optically positive. nε = 1.493 ± 0.001 , nω = 1.480 ± 0.001. DTA and TGA curves of both ordinary natrolite and tetragonal natrolite are presented ; tetragonal natrolite dehydrates at a slightly lower temperature than ordinary natrolite. The mineral is tetragonal, space group probably 142d. The unit cell dimensions are: a0 = 13.043 ± 0.001 Å, c0 = 6.619 ± 0.001 Å, and Vol. = 2252 Å3 . The chemical composition of the mineral falls within the range of composition of natrolites as reported in the literature.Tetragonal natrolite has been found as white or, less frequently as, dull pink micro-crystalline aggregates in hydrothermal veins in naujaite, at two separate localities in Ilímaussaq. The aggregates are built up of sheaf-like groups of prismatic crystals, the greatest dimension of which is about 0.01 mm. The single crystals are bounded by a single prism and either a basal pinacoid or a bipyramid. The density is 2.210 ± 0.002. The mineral is uniaxial, optically positive. nε = 1.493 ± 0.001 , nω = 1.480 ± 0.001. DTA and TGA curves of both ordinary natrolite and tetragonal natrolite are presented ; tetragonal natrolite dehydrates at a slightly lower temperature than ordinary natrolite. The mineral is tetragonal, space group probably 142d. The unit cell dimensions are: a0 = 13.043 ± 0.001 Å, c0 = 6.619 ± 0.001 Å, and Vol. = 2252 Å3 . The chemical composition of the mineral falls within the range of composition of natrolites as reported in the literature

A Perspective of Coagulation Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis and in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

A key role of both coagulation and vascular thrombosis has been reported since the first descriptions of multiple sclerosis (MS). Subsequently, the observation of a close concordance between perivascular fibrin(ogen) deposition and the occurrence of clinical signs in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, led to numerous investigations focused on the role of thrombin and fibrin(ogen). Indeed, the activation of microglia, resident innate immune cells, occurs early after fibrinogen leakage in the pre-demyelinating lesion stage of EAE and MS. Thrombin has both neuroprotective and pro-apoptotic effects according to its concentration. After exposure to high concentrations of thrombin, astrocytes become reactive and lose their neuroprotective and supportive functions, microglia proliferate, and produce reactive oxygen species, IL-1β, and TNFα. Heparin inhibits the thrombin generation and suppresses EAE. Platelets play an important role too. Indeed, in the acute phase of the disease, they begin the inflammatory response in the central nervous system by producing of IL-1alpha and triggering and amplifying the immune response. Their depletion, on the contrary, ameliorates the course of EAE. Finally, it has been proven that the use of several anticoagulant agents can successfully improve EAE. Altogether, these studies highlight the role of the coagulation pathway in the pathophysiology of MS and suggest possible therapeutic targets that may complement existing treatments

Relationship of Circulating Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) Levels to Disease Control in Asthma and Asthmatic Pregnancy

Asthma has a high burden of morbidity if not controlled and may frequently complicate pregnancy, posing a risk for pregnancy outcomes. Elevated plasma level of the inflammatory biomarker soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is related to a worse prognosis in many conditions such as infectious, autoimmune, or pregnancy-related diseases; however the value of suPAR in asthma and asthmatic pregnancy is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the suPAR, CRP and IL-6 levels in asthma (asthmatic non-pregnant, ANP; N = 38; female N = 27) and asthmatic pregnancy (AP; N = 15), compared to healthy non-pregnant controls (HNP; N = 29; female N = 19) and to healthy pregnant women (HP; N = 58). The relationship between suPAR levels and asthma control was also evaluated. The diagnostic efficacy of suPAR in asthma control was analyzed using ROC analysis. IL-6 and CRP levels were comparable in all study groups. Circulating suPAR levels were lower in HP and AP than in HNP and ANP subjects, respectively (2.01 [1.81-2.38] and 2.39 [2.07-2.69] vs. 2.60 [1.82-3.49] and 2.84 [2.33-3.72] ng/mL, respectively, p = 0.0001). suPAR and airway resistance correlated in ANP (r = 0.47, p = 0.004). ROC analysis of suPAR values in ANP patients with PEF above and below 80% yielded an AUC of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.57-0.92, p = 0.023) and with ACT total score above and below 20 an AUC of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.64-0.95, p = 0.006). The cut-off value of suPAR to discriminate between controlled and not controlled AP and ANP was 4.04 ng/mL. In conclusion, suPAR may help the objective assessment of asthma control, since it correlates with airway resistance and has good sensitivity in the detection of impaired asthma control. Decrease in circulating suPAR levels detected both in healthy and asthmatic pregnant women presumably represents pregnancy induced immune tolerance