Trade and Environment: How Should WTO Panels Review Environmental Regulations under GATT Articles III and XX

The article discusses a GATT/WTO panel report that the author disagrees with and it lays out the proposals that he would implement to modify the report

Trade and Environment: How Should WTO Panels Review Environmental Regulations under GATT Articles III and XX

The article discusses a GATT/WTO panel report that the author disagrees with and it lays out the proposals that he would implement to modify the report

On an Optimum Allocation of Workplace and Residence

In this paper, we describe a process for obtaining an optimum allocation of workplace and residence to minimize the total commuting hours of workers. We do not consider the people whose workplaces and residences have already been determined, but try to minimize the total commuting hours for work journeys for people who will find a work place or a residence, in the future, by means of the optimum allocation of workplace and residence. Let us suppose that people who want to find work and whose residences have been determined will get a job in the area to which they can commute from their residences, in proportion to the amount of demand for workers. And also let us suppose that people whose residences have not been determined as yet will reside in the area from which they can commute to their workplaces, in proportion to the number of houses. Then, the problem of obtaining the optimum allocation of workplace and residence is amenable to a technique of linear programming. An optimum allocation of workplace and residence in Kyoto City obtained through the above procedure is presented

A Safety Index for Traffic with Linear Spacings

The authors have tried to improve the traffic dynamic theory of Prof. Pipes and have found the fundamental equation of traffic dynamics for a case in which the velocity of the following vehicle is determined not only by the space between following and lead cars but also by the velocity of the lead car. The safety of the following car with respect to rear end collision when the lead car is in sinusoidal motion is quantified by introducing a safety index. At the same time, the authors describe the stability of the indicial response of the following car, and the stability of the propagation of a sinusoidal disturbance down a line of cars

Checking the validity of truncating the cumulant hierarchy description of a small system

We analyze the behavior of the first few cumulant in an array with a small number of coupled identical particles. Desai and Zwanzig (J. Stat. Phys., {\bf 19}, 1 (1978), p. 1) studied noisy arrays of nonlinear units with global coupling and derived an infinite hierarchy of differential equations for the cumulant moments. They focused on the behavior of infinite size systems using a strategy based on truncating the hierarchy. In this work we explore the reliability of such an approach to describe systems with a small number of elements. We carry out an extensive numerical analysis of the truncated hierarchy as well as numerical simulations of the full set of Langevin equations governing the dynamics. We find that the results provided by the truncated hierarchy for finite systems are at variance with those of the Langevin simulations for large regions of parameter space. The truncation of the hierarchy leads to a dependence on initial conditions and to the coexistence of states which are not consistent with the theoretical expectations based on the multidimensional linear Fokker-Planck equation for finite arrays

Engineering molecular aggregate spectra

We show that optical properties of linear molecular aggregates undergo drastic changes when aggregates are deposited on a metal surface. The dipole-dipole interactions of monomers with their images can result in strong {re-structuring of both the exciton band and the absorption spectrum, depending on the arrangement of the monomer transition dipoles with respect to the surface.Comment: 4 two-column pages, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Excitonic Processes in Condensed Matter, June 22-27, Kyoto, Japa