Award of damages to part-subsistence villagers in Papua New Guinea

One of the great challenges to Courts in civil claims is to award damages in an appropriate manner which as far as possible places the plaintiff in the position that he or she would be in but for the injury. The awarding of appropriate damages to a person leading a part-subsistence village lifestyle presents the Courts with a special challenge. This article considers the attempts that the Courts in Papua New Guinea have made to award appropriate damages to people living this lifestyle. The article attempts to bring together the common principles that emerge through the cases. It also outlines some of the important issues that still need to be addressed by the Courts to ensure that the actual needs of plaintiffs living in a village lifestyle are addressed

Ethical investment in superannuation funds; Can it occur without breaching traditional trust principles?

Ethical investing in commercial activities is a topic which has received considerable attention of late. This has occurred in the areas of company law at all levels, with the concerns of consumers in relation to the production of products, and also in trust law, in particular superannuation trusts. Superannuation Trusts are of particular significance as they have become significant institutional investors in a number of substantial commercial activities. Ethical investment which requires the trustees to take account of issues other than financial when investing is seen to run counter to traditional trust law principles. Relevant issues relating to ethical investing include: human rights and labour concerns, environmental and moral issues such as investing in the alcohol and tobacco industries. This paper focusing upon superannuation law in the Australian and New Zealand jurisdictions considers the investment obligations of trustees in superannuation trusts. Such obligations closely resemble what may be referred to as traditional or core obligations of trustees. It acknowledges that difficulties arise when attempting to include ethical considerations in investment decisions with trust property. Having acknowledged this, the paper in upholding the place of ethical investing in the current environment proceeds to outline a means by which ethical investing can be adopted without compromising the position of trustees in any manner and which still focuses upon the best financial interests of the beneficiaries

Refugee status and religious conversion: The significance of refugee appeal number 76204

Doug Tennent from Waikato University considers the effect of adverse findings of credibility in a refugee claim involving religious conversion and cautions the need for support agencies to act with care when assisting people with refugee determination

Factors effecting an obesity reduction treatment programme in a secondary school : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Applied Psychology at Massey University /

The present study examined the effects of a 21 week programme on 9 obese adolescents in a school setting. The study's theme was chosen because research in the area of adolescent obesity is sparse. Self monitoring of intake, self monitoring of increased exercise, varying frequency of weighings and continuing instruction in the behavioural control of eating were used. Varying measures were examined to try to find predictors of the Ss' success probabilities and to describe psychological aspects associated with adolescent obesity. Significant correlations with weight loss indicated that: (a) gains in personal adjustment followed weight loss; (b) California Test of Personality Scores and Primary School Record Personal Effort Scores, were good predictors of success; (c) degree of self monitoring of intake and degree of family support were closely associated with success; It was found that: (d) increased exercise output was an important factor; (e) trends were present showing improved academic performance following weight loss; (f) obese adolescents had significantly more absences from school and were high risks for truancy and premature termination of schooling. These findings were discussed relative to the literature on obesity

Management and the Free Standing Company – The New Zealand and Australia Land Company c. 1866 – 1900.

This paper is based on archival work carried out on the papers of the New Zealand and Australian Land Company Ltd., a Scottish free-standing company founded in Edinburgh in 1867. It explores the development of a hierarchical management system within the company, looking at how the company managed properties on the other side of the world from its Edinburgh headquarters. It concludes that the company was capable of building competitive advantage through its management system in a sustainable fashion, encouraging a positive economic outcome in the host countries.Australia, New Zealand, Management, free-standing companies, principal-agent problems, competitive advantage

A common beta-sheet architecture underlies in vitro and in vivo beta(2)-microglobulin amyloid fibrils

Misfolding and aggregation of normally soluble proteins into amyloid fibrils and their deposition and accumulation underlies a variety of clinically significant diseases. Fibrillar aggregates with amyloid-like properties can also be generated in vitro from pure proteins and peptides, including those not known to be associated with amyloidosis. Whereas biophysical studies of amyloid-like fibrils formed in vitro have provided important insights into the molecular mechanisms of amyloid generation and the structural properties of the fibrils formed, amyloidogenic proteins are typically exposed to mild or more extreme denaturing conditions to induce rapid fibril formation in vitro. Whether the structure of the resulting assemblies is representative of their natural in vivo counterparts, thus, remains a fundamental unresolved issue. Here we show using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy that amyloid-like fibrils formed in vitro from natively folded or unfolded β2-microglobulin (the protein associated with dialysis-related amyloidosis) adopt an identical β-sheet architecture. The same β-strand signature is observed whether fibril formation in vitro occurs spontaneously or from seeded reactions. Comparison of these spectra with those of amyloid fibrils extracted from patients with dialysis-related amyloidosis revealed an identical amide I' absorbance maximum, suggestive of a characteristic and conserved amyloid fold. Our results endorse the relevance of biophysical studies for the investigation of the molecular mechanisms of β2-microglobulin fibrillogenesis, knowledge about which may inform understanding of the pathobiology of this protein

Outcomes and Perennial Issues in Pre-Service Teacher Education Mentoring Programs

The growing body of literature on mentoring across a variety of professional disciplines such as education, medicine, nursing, law, business, and public administration is an indication of its high profile. This paper reflects our ongoing interest in the phenomenon of mentoring and takes as its focus, pre-service teacher education mentoring programs. In this paper we review a substantial body of the research literature that identifies the outcomes of mentoring for pre-service teachers and their mentors. We also consider some important perennial issues in the field experience / mentoring of pre-service teacher education programs which have implications for the quality of the experience for pre-service teachers

A Rational Deconstruction of Landin's SECD Machine with the J Operator

Landin's SECD machine was the first abstract machine for applicative expressions, i.e., functional programs. Landin's J operator was the first control operator for functional languages, and was specified by an extension of the SECD machine. We present a family of evaluation functions corresponding to this extension of the SECD machine, using a series of elementary transformations (transformation into continu-ation-passing style (CPS) and defunctionalization, chiefly) and their left inverses (transformation into direct style and refunctionalization). To this end, we modernize the SECD machine into a bisimilar one that operates in lockstep with the original one but that (1) does not use a data stack and (2) uses the caller-save rather than the callee-save convention for environments. We also identify that the dump component of the SECD machine is managed in a callee-save way. The caller-save counterpart of the modernized SECD machine precisely corresponds to Thielecke's double-barrelled continuations and to Felleisen's encoding of J in terms of call/cc. We then variously characterize the J operator in terms of CPS and in terms of delimited-control operators in the CPS hierarchy. As a byproduct, we also present several reduction semantics for applicative expressions with the J operator, based on Curien's original calculus of explicit substitutions. These reduction semantics mechanically correspond to the modernized versions of the SECD machine and to the best of our knowledge, they provide the first syntactic theories of applicative expressions with the J operator

Reflexions entorn de la traducció

Més que parlar avui de teories de la traducció, voldria esbossar ara unes reflexions generals per fer evident la seva necessitat i destacar la complexitat d’aquesta feina. Fa milers d’anys que existeix la traducció. Probablement, la Bíblia va ésser el primer llibre que va fer palesa la necessitat de traduir. Pensem que la Bíblia, el llibre més traduït de tots el temps, en ser traduïda a tantes llengües ha facilitat nombrosos contactes entre cultures i pobles i ha afavorit l’aparició de la figura del traductor. Des del començament de la divulgació de l’Evangeli, passant per la traducció de la Bíblia per Luter el 1522 i la del rei Jaume d’Anglaterra de l’any 1611 —encara la versió més estimada pels anglosaxons— fins a les traduccions catalanes de Carles Riba o la recent de la Bíblia interconfessional, l’activitat traductora bíblica no ha cessat mai i s’ha incrementat constantment. Tots els gèneres de la literatura tenen aquí un dels seus inicis: poesia, prosa, narrativa, etc. Els grecs van ser traduïts pels romans, i més tard pels àrabs. Gràcies a aquests últims, algunes obres d’Aristòtil van ésser conegudes a Occident. En general, el contacte entre civilitzacions coetànies ha propiciat la proliferació de traduccions