165 research outputs found
Thermal rates for baryon and anti-baryon production
We use a form of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem to derive formulas
giving the rate of production of spin-1/2 baryons in terms of the fluctuations
of either meson or quark fields. The most general formulas do not assume
thermal or chemical equilibrium. When evaluated in a thermal ensemble we find
equilibration times on the order of 10 fm/c near the critical temperature in
QCD.Comment: 22 pages, 4 tables and 2 figures, REVTe
The anomaly of the oxygen bond-bending mode at 320 cm and the additional absorption peak in the c-axis infrared conductivity of underdoped YBaCuO single crystals revisited by ellipsometricmeasurements
We have performed ellipsometric measurements of the far-infrared c-axis
dielectric response of underdoped YBaCuO single
crystals. Here we report a detailed analysis of the temperature-dependent
renormalization of the oxygen bending phonon mode at 320 cm and the
formation of the additional absorption peak around 400-500 cm. For a
strongly underdoped YBaCuO crystal with T=52 K we
find that, in agreement with previous reports based on conventional reflection
measurements, the gradual onset of both features occurs well above T at
T*150 K. Contrary to some of these reports, however, our data establish
that the phonon anomaly and the formation of the additional peak exhibit very
pronounced and steep changes right at T. For a less underdoped
YBaCuO crystal with T=80 K, the onset temperature of
the phonon anomaly almost coincides with T. Also in contrast to some
previous reports, we find for both crystals that a sizeable fraction of the
spectral weight of the additional absorption peak cannot be accounted for by
the spectral-weight loss of the phonon modes but instead arises from a
redistribution of the electronic continuum. Our ellipsometric data are
consistent with a model where the bilayer cuprate compounds are treated as a
superlattice of intra- and inter-bilayer Josephson-junctions
Hadronic observables from SIS to SPS energies - anything strange with strangeness ?
We calculate and (+) rapidity
distributions and compare to experimental data from SIS to SPS energies within
the UrQMD and HSD transport approaches that are both based on string, quark,
diquark () and hadronic degrees of freedom. The
two transport models do not include any explicit phase transition to a
quark-gluon plasma (QGP). It is found that both approaches agree rather well
with each other and with the experimental rapidity distributions for protons,
's, and . Inspite of this apparent agreement both
transport models fail to reproduce the maximum in the excitation function for
the ratio found experimentally between 11 and 40 AGeV. A
comparison to the various experimental data shows that this 'failure' is
dominantly due to an insufficient description of pion rapidity distributions
rather than missing 'strangeness'. The modest differences in the transport
model results -- on the other hand -- can be attributed to different
implementations of string formation and fragmentation, that are not
sufficiently controlled by experimental data for the 'elementary' reactions in
vacuum.Comment: 46 pages, including 15 eps figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.
Collective flow and two-pion correlations from a relativistic hydrodynamic model with early chemical freeze out
We investigate the effect of early chemical freeze-out on radial flow,
elliptic flow and HBT radii by using a fully three dimensional hydrodynamic
model. When we take account of the early chemical freeze-out, the space-time
evolution of temperature in the hadron phase is considerably different from the
conventional model in which chemical equilibrium is always assumed. As a
result, we find that radial and elliptic flows are suppressed and that the
lifetime and the spatial size of the fluid are reduced. We analyze the p_t
spectrum, the differential elliptic flow, and the HBT radii at the RHIC energy
by using hydrodynamics with chemically non-equilibrium equation of state.Comment: One subsection and two figures adde
Indirect evaluation of Mars Gravity Model 2011 using a replication experiment on Earth
Curtin University’s Mars Gravity Model 2011 (MGM2011) is a high-resolution composite set of gravity field functionals that uses topography-implied gravity effects at medium- and short-scales (~125 km to ~3 km) to augment the space-collected MRO110B2 gravity model. Ground-truth gravity observations that could be used for direct validation of MGM2011 are not available on Mars’s surface. To indirectly evaluate MGM2011 and its modelling principles, an as-close-as-possible replication of the MGM2011 modelling approach was performed on Earth as the planetary body with most detailed gravity field knowledge available. Comparisons among six ground-truth data sets (gravity disturbances, quasigeoid undulations and vertical deflections) and the MGM2011-replication over Europe and North America show unanimously that topography-implied gravity information improves upon space-collected gravity models over areas with rugged terrain. The improvements are ~55% and ~67% for gravity disturbances, ~12% and ~47% for quasigeoid undulations, and ~30% to ~50% for vertical deflections. Given that the correlation between space-collected gravity and topography is higher for Mars than Earth at spatial scales of a few 100 km, topography-implied gravity effects are more dominant on Mars. It is therefore reasonable to infer that the MGM2011 modelling approach is suitable, offering an improvement over space-collected Martian gravity field models
Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX collaboration
Extensive experimental data from high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions were
recorded using the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
(RHIC). The comprehensive set of measurements from the first three years of
RHIC operation includes charged particle multiplicities, transverse energy,
yield ratios and spectra of identified hadrons in a wide range of transverse
momenta (p_T), elliptic flow, two-particle correlations, non-statistical
fluctuations, and suppression of particle production at high p_T. The results
are examined with an emphasis on implications for the formation of a new state
of dense matter. We find that the state of matter created at RHIC cannot be
described in terms of ordinary color neutral hadrons.Comment: 510 authors, 127 pages text, 56 figures, 1 tables, LaTeX. Submitted
to Nuclear Physics A as a regular article; v3 has minor changes in response
to referee comments. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures
for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available
at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm
Production in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions at GeV
We report the first observation of in
relativistic heavy ion collisions. The transverse momentum spectrum of
from central Au+Au collisions at
GeV is presented. The ratios of the yield
derived from these data to the yields of negative hadrons, charged kaons, and
mesons have been measured in central and minimum bias collisions and
compared with model predictions and comparable , , and
results. The data indicate no dramatic reduction of
production in relativistic heavy ion collisions despite expected losses due to
rescattering effects.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, To be published in PRC
Velocity-space sensitivity of the time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at JET
The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are often described by so-called weight functions. Recently, we formulated weight functions showing the velocity-space sensitivity of the often dominant beam-target part of neutron energy spectra. These weight functions for neutron emission spectrometry (NES) are independent of the particular NES diagnostic. Here we apply these NES weight functions to the time-of-flight spectrometer TOFOR at JET. By taking the instrumental response function of TOFOR into account, we calculate time-of-flight NES weight functions that enable us to directly determine the velocity-space sensitivity of a given part of a measured time-of-flight spectrum from TOFOR
Relationship of edge localized mode burst times with divertor flux loop signal phase in JET
A phase relationship is identified between sequential edge localized modes (ELMs) occurrence times in a set of H-mode tokamak plasmas to the voltage measured in full flux azimuthal loops in the divertor region. We focus on plasmas in the Joint European Torus where a steady H-mode is sustained over several seconds, during which ELMs are observed in the Be II emission at the divertor. The ELMs analysed arise from intrinsic ELMing, in that there is no deliberate intent to control the ELMing process by external means. We use ELM timings derived from the Be II signal to perform direct time domain analysis of the full flux loop VLD2 and VLD3 signals, which provide a high cadence global measurement proportional to the voltage induced by changes in poloidal magnetic flux. Specifically, we examine how the time interval between pairs of successive ELMs is linked to the time-evolving phase of the full flux loop signals. Each ELM produces a clear early pulse in the full flux loop signals, whose peak time is used to condition our analysis. The arrival time of the following ELM, relative to this pulse, is found to fall into one of two categories: (i) prompt ELMs, which are directly paced by the initial response seen in the flux loop signals; and (ii) all other ELMs, which occur after the initial response of the full flux loop signals has decayed in amplitude. The times at which ELMs in category (ii) occur, relative to the first ELM of the pair, are clustered at times when the instantaneous phase of the full flux loop signal is close to its value at the time of the first ELM
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