Some Lifting Problems in Arithmetic Equivalence.

The main theorem in this dissertation provides a partial answer to the following question: Given a \doubz\sb{p}-extension F{\sb\infty} /F and a finite extension $K/F$, where F is a number field and p a prime number, to what extent does the K-splitting behavior the prime ideals of F determine the Iwasawa invariants of the \doubz\sb{p}-extension K{\cdot}F{\sb\infty}/K. The answer is that if two fields K and L are arithmetically equivalent over F, then K{\cdot}F{\sb\infty} /K and L{\cdot}F{\sb\infty} /L have exactly the same Iwasawa invariants for any \doubz\sb{p}-extension F{\sb\infty} /F, so long as p is not an exceptional divisor for K and L over F. The exceptional divisors are a subset of the primes dividing the degree $\lbrack N : K\rbrack$, where N is the normal closure of K over F. The definition is found in Chapter 2. This theorem comes as a corollary of a theorem concerning representations of finite groups which has importance in its own right. Its statement is: If H, H\sp\prime, and B are subgroups of a finite group G, with B normal in G, and if the \doubz\sb{q}\lbrack G\rbrack -modules \doubz\sb{q}\lbrack G/H\rbrack and \doubz\sb{q}\lbrack G/H\sp\prime\rbrack are isomorphic, then the \doubz\sb{q}\lbrack G\rbrack -modules \doubz\sb{q}\lbrack G/H\ \cap\ B\rbrack and \doubz\sb{q}\lbrack G/H\sp\prime\ \cap\ B\rbrack are also isomorphic. This result is not constructive. Given a specific \doubz\sb{q}\lbrack G\rbrack -map M between \doubz\sb{q}\lbrack G/H\rbrack and \doubz\sb{q}\lbrack G/H\sp\prime\rbrack , it does not tell us how to obtain a \doubz\sb{q}\lbrack G\rbrack -map between \doubz\sb{q}\lbrack G/H\ \cap\ B\rbrack and \doubz\sb{q}\lbrack G/H\sp\prime\ \cap\ B\rbrack which will be an isomorphism whenever M is. Chapter 4 deals with this question, with some partial results for certain choices of G, in particular for the case when $G/B$ is abelian and HB = H\sp\prime B

Distinctive Gut Microbiota of Honey Bees Assessed Using Deep Sampling from Individual Worker Bees

Surveys of 16S rDNA sequences from the honey bee, Apis mellifera, have revealed the presence of eight distinctive bacterial phylotypes in intestinal tracts of adult worker bees. Because previous studies have been limited to relatively few sequences from samples pooled from multiple hosts, the extent of variation in this microbiota among individuals within and between colonies and locations has been unclear. We surveyed the gut microbiota of 40 individual workers from two sites, Arizona and Maryland USA, sampling four colonies per site. Universal primers were used to amplify regions of 16S ribosomal RNA genes, and amplicons were sequenced using 454 pyrotag methods, enabling analysis of about 330,000 bacterial reads. Over 99% of these sequences belonged to clusters for which the first blastn hits in GenBank were members of the known bee phylotypes. Four phylotypes, one within Gammaproteobacteria (corresponding to “Candidatus Gilliamella apicola”) one within Betaproteobacteria (“Candidatus Snodgrassella alvi”), and two within Lactobacillus, were present in every bee, though their frequencies varied. The same typical bacterial phylotypes were present in all colonies and at both sites. Community profiles differed significantly among colonies and between sites, mostly due to the presence in some Arizona colonies of two species of Enterobacteriaceae not retrieved previously from bees. Analysis of Sanger sequences of rRNA of the Snodgrassella and Gilliamella phylotypes revealed that single bees contain numerous distinct strains of each phylotype. Strains showed some differentiation between localities, especially for the Snodgrassella phylotype

Introduction: Toward an Engaged Feminist Heritage Praxis

We advocate a feminist approach to archaeological heritage work in order to transform heritage practice and the production of archaeological knowledge. We use an engaged feminist standpoint and situate intersubjectivity and intersectionality as critical components of this practice. An engaged feminist approach to heritage work allows the discipline to consider women’s, men’s, and gender non-conforming persons’ positions in the field, to reveal their contributions, to develop critical pedagogical approaches, and to rethink forms of representation. Throughout, we emphasize the intellectual labor of women of color, queer and gender non-conforming persons, and early white feminists in archaeology