Glioblastoma migration along constraints with different geometries: how to mimick brain parenchyma invasion?

International audienceA microfluidic device is demonstrated to analyze glioblastoma migration along constraints with precisely designed geometries. This in-vitro model reveals physiologically relevant glioma invasion scenarios: full migration along constraints, suspended motion by extreme constriction, and limited migration associated with the ejection of plasma membrane particles due to the continuing extension

Humidity Dependence of Charge Transport through DNA Revealed by Silicon-Based Nanotweezers Manipulation

AbstractThe study of the electrical properties of DNA has aroused increasing interest since the last decade. So far, controversial arguments have been put forward to explain the electrical charge transport through DNA. Our experiments on DNA bundles manipulated with silicon-based actuated tweezers demonstrate undoubtedly that humidity is the main factor affecting the electrical conduction in DNA. We explain the quasi-Ohmic behavior of DNA and the exponential dependence of its conductivity with relative humidity from the adsorption of water on the DNA backbone. We propose a quantitative model that is consistent with previous studies on DNA and other materials, like porous silicon, subjected to different humidity conditions

Active Control of Silicon Nanotweezers Detects Enzymatic Reaction at the Molecular Level

International audienceThis work achieved the control of micromachined tweezers for the enhancement of the sensing of DNA molecules and related enzymatic reactions. The mechanical stiffness of the silicon nanotweezers is decreased by feedback design and the sensitivity of the system is drastically improved

A vision transformer-based framework for knowledge transfer from multi-modal to mono-modal lymphoma subtyping models

Determining lymphoma subtypes is a crucial step for better patients treatment targeting to potentially increase their survival chances. In this context, the existing gold standard diagnosis method, which is based on gene expression technology, is highly expensive and time-consuming making difficult its accessibility. Although alternative diagnosis methods based on IHC (immunohistochemistry) technologies exist (recommended by the WHO), they still suffer from similar limitations and are less accurate. WSI (Whole Slide Image) analysis by deep learning models showed promising new directions for cancer diagnosis that would be cheaper and faster than existing alternative methods. In this work, we propose a vision transformer-based framework for distinguishing DLBCL (Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma) cancer subtypes from high-resolution WSIs. To this end, we propose a multi-modal architecture to train a classifier model from various WSI modalities. We then exploit this model through a knowledge distillation mechanism for efficiently driving the learning of a mono-modal classifier. Our experimental study conducted on a dataset of 157 patients shows the promising performance of our mono-modal classification model, outperforming six recent methods from the state-of-the-art dedicated for cancer classification. Moreover, the power-law curve, estimated on our experimental data, shows that our classification model requires a reasonable number of additional patients for its training to potentially reach identical diagnosis accuracy as IHC technologies

Closed-loop Control of Silicon Nanotweezers for Improvement of Sensitivity to Mechanical Stiffness Measurement and Bio-Sensing on DNA Molecules

International audienceIn this work we show that implementation of closed loop control to silicon nanotweezers improves the sensitivity of the tool for mechanical characterizations of biological molecules. Micromachined tweezers have already been used for the characterizations of mechanical properties of DNA molecules as well as for the sensing of enzymatic reactions on DNA bundle. However the resolution of the experiments does not allow the sensing on single molecules. Hereafter we show theoretically and experimentally that, reducing the resonance frequency of the system by the implementation of a state feedback, the sensitivity to stiffness variation is enhanced. Such improvement leads to better resolution for detection of enzymatic reactions on DNA

A silicone nanocrystal tunnel field effect transistor

Abstract : In this work, we demonstrate a silicon nanocrystal Field Effect Transistor (ncFET). Its operation is similar to that of a Tunnelling Field Effect Transistor (TFET) with two barriers in series. The tunnelling barriers are fabricated in very thin silicon dioxide and the channel in intrinsic polycrystalline silicon. The absence of doping eliminates the problem of achieving sharp doping profiles at the junctions, which has proven a challenge for large-scale integration and, in principle, allows scaling down the atomic level. The demonstrated ncFET features a 104 on/off current ratio at room temperature, a low 30pA/lm leakage current at a 0.5V bias, an on-state current on a par with typical all-Si TFETs and bipolar operation with high symmetry. Quantum dot transport spectroscopy is used to assess the band structure and energy levels of the silicon island

A fabrication process for emerging nanoelectronic devices based on oxide tunnel junctions

Abstract : We present a versatile nanodamascene process for the realization of low-power nanoelectronic devices with different oxide junctions. With this process we have fabricated metal/insulator/metal junctions, metallic single electron transistors, silicon tunnel field effect transistors, and planar resistive memories. These devices do exploit one or two nanometric-scale tunnel oxide junctions based on TiO2, SiO2, HfO2, Al2O3, or a combination of those. Because the nanodamascene technology involves processing temperatures lower than 300°C, this technology is fully compatible with CMOS back-end-of-line and is used for monolithic 3D integration

Public Health Impact After the Introduction of PsA-TT: The First 4 Years.

BACKGROUND: During the first introduction of a group A meningococcal vaccine (PsA-TT) in 2010-2011 and its rollout from 2011 to 2013, >150 million eligible people, representing 12 hyperendemic meningitis countries, have been vaccinated. METHODS: The new vaccine effectiveness evaluation framework was established by the World Health Organization and partners. Meningitis case-based surveillance was strengthened in PsA-TT first-introducer countries, and several evaluation studies were conducted to estimate the vaccination coverage and to measure the impact of vaccine introduction on meningococcal carriage and disease incidence. RESULTS: PsA-TT implementation achieved high vaccination coverage, and results from studies conducted showed significant decrease of disease incidence as well as significant reduction of oropharyngeal carriage of group A meningococci in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, demonstrating the vaccine's ability to generate herd protection and prevent group A epidemics. CONCLUSIONS: Lessons learned from this experience provide useful insights in how to guide and better prepare for future new vaccine introductions in resource-limited settings

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio