Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Study of W boson production in pPb collisions at vsNN = 5.02 TeV

The first study of W boson production in pPb collisions is presented, for bosons decaying to a muon or electron, and a neutrino. The measurements are based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34.6 nb-1 at a nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy of vsNN = 5.02 TeV, collected by the CMS experiment. The W boson differential cross sections, lepton charge asymmetry, and forward–backward asymmetries are measured for leptons of transverse momentum exceeding 25 GeV/c, and as a function of the lepton pseudorapidity in the |?lab| < 2.4range. Deviations from the expectations based on currently available parton distribution functions are observed, showing the need for including W boson data in nuclear parton distribution global fits

L’exil politique allemand aux États-Unis après 1933

International audienceUnlike intellectual refugees (artists, writers or scientists), political exiles from Nazi Germany who found refuge in the US, were never more than a few nundred. Most of them belonged to the German trade-union movement or were members of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Their exile in the US was often a point of no return. This article analyses the inner tensions among this community of exiles torn between the traditional vision of the older generation of SPD representatives and the more pragmatic views of younger militants. Because of these tensions, efforts made through a "Council for a Democratic Germany", failed to influence the US Administration's choices concerning Germany's future after the war. Only those refugees who had become US citizens were able to contribute to the war effort.L'exil politique allemand aux États-Unis après 1933, à la différence de l'émigration intellectuelle (écrivains, savants, artistes), ne comprenait que quelques centaines de personnes, pour la plupart liées au Parti social-démocrate allemand et aux syndicats. Pour les exilés qui attendaient de pouvoir rentrer dans leur pays, les Etats-Unis constituaient un point de non retour. L'article présente les tensions internes entre les deux principaux groupes d'exilés sociaux-démocrates, au centre desquelles se trouvait le conflit entre la manière de penser traditionnelle des membres plus âgés de l'appareil du parti et les nouvelles orientations pragmatiques des plus jeunes. À cause de ces divergences, les tentatives effectuées vers la fin de la Seconde guerre mondiale par des exilés pour influer, à travers le "Council for a Democratic Germany", sur les choix américains pour l'Allemagne d'après-guerre n'eurent pas de succès. Les réfugiés politiques ne purent participer efficacement à l'effort de guerre que s'ils étaient devenus citoyens américains

Remigration und Remigranten im deutschen Film nach 1945

Asper HG. Remigration und Remigranten im deutschen Film nach 1945. In: Krohn C-D, Schildt A, eds. Zwischen den Stühlen? : Remigranten und Remigration in der deutschen Medienöffentlichkeit der Nachkriegszeit. Hamburger Beiträge zur Sozial- und Zeitgeschichte. Vol 39. Hamburg: Christians; 2002: 161-179

Wenn die Musik der Filme Nahrung ist. Klassische Musik im Exilfilm

Asper HG. Wenn die Musik der Filme Nahrung ist. Klassische Musik im Exilfilm. In: Krohn C-D, Rothermund E, Winckler L, Köpke W, eds. Kulturelle Räume und ästhetische Universalität. Musik und Musiker im Exil. Exilforschung. Vol 26. München: Edition Text + Kritik; 2008: 149-166