Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter

Data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory through 31 August 2007 showed evidence for anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min energy threshold, \nobreak{$6\times 10^{19}$eV}. The anisotropy was measured by the fraction of arrival directions that are less than $3.1^\circ$ from the position of an active galactic nucleus within 75 Mpc (using the V\'eron-Cetty and V\'eron $12^{\rm th}$ catalog). An updated measurement of this fraction is reported here using the arrival directions of cosmic rays recorded above the same energy threshold through 31 December 2009. The number of arrival directions has increased from 27 to 69, allowing a more precise measurement. The correlating fraction is $(38^{+7}_{-6})$, compared with $21$ expected for isotropic cosmic rays. This is down from the early estimate of $(69^{+11}_{-13})$. The enlarged set of arrival directions is examined also in relation to other populations of nearby extragalactic objects: galaxies in the 2 Microns All Sky Survey and active galactic nuclei detected in hard X-rays by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope. A celestial region around the position of the radiogalaxy Cen A has the largest excess of arrival directions relative to isotropic expectations. The 2-point autocorrelation function is shown for the enlarged set of arrival directions and compared to the isotropic expectation.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics on 31 August 201

The Fluorescence Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It combines a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level together with a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The fluorescence detector comprises 24 large telescopes specialized for measuring the nitrogen fluorescence caused by charged particles of cosmic ray air showers. In this paper we describe the components of the fluorescence detector including its optical system, the design of the camera, the electronics, and the systems for relative and absolute calibration. We also discuss the operation and the monitoring of the detector. Finally, we evaluate the detector performance and precision of shower reconstructions.Comment: 53 pages. Submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section

Search for First Harmonic Modulation in the Right Ascension Distribution of Cosmic Rays Detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present the results of searches for dipolar-type anisotropies in different energy ranges above $2.5\times 10^{17}$ eV with the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, reporting on both the phase and the amplitude measurements of the first harmonic modulation in the right-ascension distribution. Upper limits on the amplitudes are obtained, which provide the most stringent bounds at present, being below 2% at 99% $C.L.$ for EeV energies. We also compare our results to those of previous experiments as well as with some theoretical expectations.Comment: 28 pages, 11 figure

Alocação de matéria seca e capacidade competitiva de cultivares de milho com plantas daninhas

A capacidade competitiva das culturas com plantas daninhas depende de fatores relacionados à habilidade destas em manter a produtividade ou de suprimir o crescimento das plantas concorrentes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da competição entre três cultivares de milho e seis espécies de plantas daninhas no crescimento inicial e alocação de matéria seca pelas plantas. Adotou-se arranjo fatorial em esquema 3 x 6 + 9, constituído pela combinação de três genótipos de milho (híbrido DKB 390 YG, variedade AL 25 e híbrido SHS 4080) em competição com seis espécies de plantas daninhas (Bidens pilosa, Cenchrus echinatus, Brachiaria brizantha, Commelina benghalensis, Brachiaria plantaginea e Euphorbia heterophylla), e ainda nove tratamentos adicionais, correspondentes aos cultivares de milho e às espécies daninhas ausentes de competição. Ambos os tratamentos foram delineados em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, e cada vaso, contendo 5 L de substrato, representou uma unidade experimental. O período de convivência entre os cultivares de milho e as plantas daninhas foi de 60 dias após emergência do milho, sendo depois disso coletado o material vegetal para avaliação da matéria seca e distribuição entre os diferentes órgãos (raízes, folhas e caule). Os cultivares de milho apresentaram menor acúmulo de matéria seca quando estavam em competição com as espécies de plantas daninhas. A folha e o caule foram os principais órgãos afetados negativamente. De forma contrária, as raízes das espécies competidoras, de maneira geral, foram os órgãos mais prejudicados. Observou-se, de modo geral, que a variedade de milho AL 25 foi a que menos tolerou a competição com plantas daninhas; B. plantaginea foi a espécie daninha que demonstrou possuir a menor habilidade competitiva; e B. brizantha e C. benghalensis mostraram ser as espécies com maior capacidade de competição com a cultura do milho.The competitive ability of crops against weeds depends on factors related to their ability to maintain productivity or eliminate them in a situation of interference. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of competition between three varieties of maize and six weed species on the growth and dry mass allocation by plants. A factorial scheme 3 x 6 + 9 was arranged consisting of a combination of three genotypes of maize (DKB 390 YG, variety and hybrid AL 25 SHS 4080) in competition with six weed species (Bidens pilosa, Cenchrus echinatus, Brachiaria brizantha, Commelina benghalensis, Brachiaria plantaginea and Euphorbia heterophylla), plus nine treatments corresponding to the maize and weed cultivars under no competition. Both treatments were designed in randomized blocks with four replicates and each pot (containing 5 dm3) was an experimental unit. The period of coexistence among the maize and weed cultivars was 60 days after emergence, and thereafter the plant material collected was evaluated to assess the dry mass distribution among different organs (roots, leaves and stems). The maize cultivars presented lower dry mass accumulation when in competition with the weed species. The leaves and stems were the main organs negatively affected. On the other hand, the roots of the competing species were, in general, the most affected. AL 25 genotype was the least tolerant maize variety in competition with weeds and B. plantaginea was the least competitive weed. B. brizantha and C. benghalensis proved to be the species with the greatest capacity to compete with maize

Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Analyses of the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017 reveal inequalities across countries as well as within populations. Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health(1-3). As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting(4-6). The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness(7,8); however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health(9-11). Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but-to our knowledge-no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries(12-14). By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.Peer reviewe