Narração, ilusão e traição: a reinvenção do passadoe seus significados sociais em dom casmurro

Este artigo analisa os possíveis significados de Dom Casmurro, de Machado de Assis, considerado de uma dupla perspectiva: por um lado, a presença de significados sociais na narrativa é discutida por meio da construção da posição de um narrador claramente marcado pela sua classe; por outro, sugere-se que tal entendimento do romance divergia de sua recepção contemporânea, a qual era, em certa medida, limitada pelos significados estéticos disponibilizados pela experiência de seus primeiros leitores

Liberdade, cidadania e política de emancipação escrava

Este artigo analisa o papel político dos fazendeiros campineiros no processo de emancipação escrava. Ele sugere que a ação daqueles senhores de escravos nos anos 70 do século XIX, tentando preservar a força de trabalho escrava, deve ser entendida dentro de um projeto político mais amplo - o projeto liberal, que guiava a construção do Estado imperial.This article analyses the political role of Campinas' planters in the process of the Brazilian slave emancipation. It suggests that the action of those slaveowners in the 1870's, trying to preserve the slave labour force, might be understood within a wider political project - the liberal one, which guided the making of the imperial State

Notre Dame de Paris, Romance Dramático?

Este artigo analisa Notre Dame de Paris, romance de Victor Hugo publicado em 1831, explorando o significado da obra em relação com os debates que tiveram lugar ao longo da década de 1820. A emergência de uma geração romântica naquele momento e sua necessidade de se opor à arte clássica tornaram possível a formulação de novas categorias e práticas culturais, mas também forneceram os limites (tanto no que se refere aos temas quanto à retórica) do debate literário. Neste artigo procura-se mostrar que a experiência vivida por Victor Hugo na década de 1820 seria a base que lhe permitiria redefinir não apenas o drama, mas o próprio romance

Variables asociadas y medidas de restablecimiento en menores infractores, una revisión sistemática en Latinoamérica.

En el presente estudio se revisa el estado actual de las investigaciones orientadas a las medidas de restablecimiento y sanción en menores infractores. El objetivo principal fue, identificar las investigaciones y variables que se han abordado en torno al menor infractor en América Latina durante los últimos cinco años. Metodología, empleando la técnica de análisis documental, de tipo cualitativo-descriptivo, se reunieron 36 artículos indexados de las bases de datos y repositorios de universidades revisadas, en las cuales se abordaron 20 países en Latinoamérica de habla hispana, durante un periodo comprendido entre los años 2012 al 2017. Resultados, posterior a las recolección de datos, por medio del programa estadístico SPSS 22, se evidenció que Colombia ha sido uno de los países con mayor producción textual dentro de un rango del 38,9% en relación a la cantidad total de artículos revisados, con mayor prevalencia en población adolescente con un porcentaje de 58,33% y un 8,33% en los artículos que relacionan a las familias con los menores infractores a la hora de intervenir. Finalmente, las variables fueron organizadas por medio de cinco grupos cuyos porcentajes fueron, educación en mayor prevalencia con un 30,6%, seguido de las variables sociales 27,8%, individuales 19,4%, familiares 13,9% y por último las variables mixtas 8,3%

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

Extinction risk of Mesoamerican crop wild relatives

Ensuring food security is one of the world's most critical issues as agricultural systems are already being impacted by global change. Crop wild relatives (CWR)—wild plants related to crops—possess genetic variability that can help adapt agriculture to a changing environment and sustainably increase crop yields to meet the food security challenge. Here we report the results of an extinction risk assessment of 224 wild relatives of some of the world's most important crops (i.e. chilli pepper, maize, common bean, avocado, cotton, potato, squash, vanilla and husk tomato) in Mesoamerica—an area of global significance as a centre of crop origin, domestication and of high CWR diversity. We show that 35% of the selected CWR taxa are threatened with extinction according to The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List demonstrates that these valuable genetic resources are under high anthropogenic threat. The dominant threat processes are land use change for agriculture and farming, invasive and other problematic species (e.g. pests, genetically modified organisms) and use of biological resources, including overcollection and logging. The most significant drivers of extinction relate to smallholder agriculture—given its high incidence and ongoing shifts from traditional agriculture to modern practices (e.g. use of herbicides)—smallholder ranching and housing and urban development and introduced genetic material. There is an urgent need to increase knowledge and research around different aspects of CWR. Policies that support in situ and ex situ conservation of CWR and promote sustainable agriculture are pivotal to secure these resources for the benefit of current and future generations

Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests

Old-growth tropical forests harbor an immense diversity of tree species but are rapidly being cleared, while secondary forests that regrow on abandoned agricultural lands increase in extent. We assess how tree species richness and composition recover during secondary succession across gradients in environmental conditions and anthropogenic disturbance in an unprecedented multisite analysis for the Neotropics. Secondary forests recover remarkably fast in species richness but slowly in species composition. Secondary forests take a median time of five decades to recover the species richness of old-growth forest (80% recovery after 20 years) based on rarefaction analysis. Full recovery of species composition takes centuries (only 34% recovery after 20 years). A dual strategy that maintains both old-growth forests and species-rich secondary forests is therefore crucial for biodiversity conservation in human-modified tropical landscapes. Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved