Que reste-t-il du mariage après le changement de sexe d’un conjoint ?

Les effets sur le mariage préexistant du changement de sexe à l’état civil d’un conjoint pose une question dans les ordres juridiques qui ne prévoient pas de reconnaissance des unions entre personnes de même sexe, car le mariage au départ hétérosexuel se transforme en mariage homosexuel. Dans certains Etats européens, le mariage est transformé en une autre forme d’union, solution récemment approuvée par le Cour de Strasbourg ; en Italie l’exclusivité du mariage hétérosexuel empêche de donner une véritable solution aux conjoints qui, souhaitant rester mariés après le changement de sexe de l’un d’eux, se voient imposer le divorce ex lege. La Cour constitutionnelle italienne a été appelée le 11 juin 2014 à juger de la constitutionnalité d’un tel divorce : elle a imposé au législateur d’intervenir pour réglementer l’absence de droit qui apparaîtrait à la suite de la dissolution des effets du mariage qui, devenu homosexuel, ne peut résister face au critère indépassable dans cet État de l’hétérosexualité des époux. Le législateur italien, désormais contraint d’agir, pourrait s’inspirer de la législation d’autres États européens, qui ont développé leurs propres solutions sur la question et dont on peut voir la réussite

Éditorial

Le dossier thématique du numéro 18 des Cahiers de la recherche sur les droits fondamentaux est intitulé « La vulnérabilité ». Cet intitulé ne doit toutefois pas occulter un point essentiel qui émerge de la lecture du dossier : le caractère pluriel des vulnérabilités, montrant que ce concept ne saurait être un concept univoque, tant en droit qu’en dehors de celui-ci. Le juriste doit, en effet, se demander d’emblée si la vulnérabilité est un concept juridique ou si les vulnérabilités ne seraien..

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Proceedings of the Fifth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it 2018

On behalf of the Program Committee, a very warm welcome to the Fifth Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-­‐it 2018). This edition of the conference is held in Torino. The conference is locally organised by the University of Torino and hosted into its prestigious main lecture hall “Cavallerizza Reale”. The CLiC-­‐it conference series is an initiative of the Italian Association for Computational Linguistics (AILC) which, after five years of activity, has clearly established itself as the premier national forum for research and development in the fields of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing, where leading researchers and practitioners from academia and industry meet to share their research results, experiences, and challenges

Le contentieux constitutionnel de la concurrence

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Le Droit politique, un dépassement de la sanction constitutionnelle ?

International audienceThe "Political Law" approach, in its multiple manifestations, intends to overcome the dichotomies that are typical of the normative theory by Hans Kelsen. The concept of sanction concentrates this theoretical opposition and makes the specificity of the Political Law discourse appear, as well as the characteristics of the constitution as its main object. By confronting Political Law to other theories, such as the Soft Law approach or the theory of material constitution by Costantino Mortati, this paper attempts to clarify certain aspects of this particular approach.L'approche du droit politique, malgré la diversité des points de vue qui s'y rattachent, se fonde sur une logique de dépassement des nombreuses dichotomies théoriques, typiques du normativisme. Le concept de sanction cristallise cette opposition doctrinale et permet de mettre en lumière les spécificités du droit politique comme discours, ainsi que les particularités de la constitution comme objet. En confrontant le droit politique à d'autres positions théoriques, comme celle du droit souple et de la constitution matérielle de Mortati, l'article cherche à clarifier des aspects de cette approche

La construction de principes de procédure administrative (globale) par des personnes privées : le cas de l’ICANN

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