Respuesta de cinco genotipos de Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) a cuatro dosis de Cadmio bajo condiciones de vivero en Chanchamayo

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento Académico de FitotecniaEsta investigación se realizó con el objetivo de conocer el efecto del cadmio a dosis creciente en el comportamiento de cinco genotipos de Theobroma cacao L. bajo condiciones de vivero en San Ramón – Chanchamayo, selva central del Perú. Para ello, se realizó un experimento con 20 tratamientos (cinco genotipos de cacao: CCN-51, ICS-60, ICS-95, POUND-7 y VRAE-99 con cuatro dosis de cadmio: 0, 50, 100 y 150 ppm). La fuente de cadmio utilizado fue el sulfato de cadmio (3CdSO4.8H2O), con 98.0 % de Cd. Las semillas de cacao provenientes del Banco de Germoplasma de Cacao del Instituto de Cultivos Tropicales (ICT) de Tarapoto (Región San Martín) y de la estación experimental del INIA – Pichanaki, se germinaron en arena, luego fueron repicadas a bolsas con un sustrato compuesto por suelo de una plantación de cacao + guano de ovino + arena (en proporción 3:2:1). El cadmio fue aplicado en solución, preparado en agua desionizada y según las dosis previamente determinadas. Durante los 165 días que duró el ensayo, se hicieron tres evaluaciones de la altura de planta, número de hojas y diámetro del tallo. Al final del ensayo, se evaluó el peso fresco y seco de la parte aérea (hojas + tallos) y de las raíces, además de la longitud de raíces (la más larga). Además, se determinó el contenido de cadmio en hojas y raíces, así como el cadmio residual en el sustrato. Los resultados no mostraron efecto significativo de las dosis de cadmio en el crecimiento de las plántulas en el vivero, ya que los valores alcanzados en las variables evaluadas correspondieron al potencial genético de cada genotipo. POUND-7 fue el genotipo más vigoroso. La absorción de cadmio, varió de un genotipo a otro. ICS-95 absorbió más cadmio y el ICS-60, mucho menos. Generalmente, la mayor concentración de este elemento se observó en las raíces; pero en ningún caso, se observaron síntomas de fitotoxicidad. Además, el cadmio disponible residual se mantuvo en un nivel relativamente alto, comparado con el testigo.This research was carried out with the objective of discovering the effect of different doses of cadmium on the behavior of five genotypes of Theobroma cacao L. under greenhouse conditions in San Ramón - Chanchamayo, central jungle of Peru. For this study, an experiment was carried out with 20 treatments (five cocoa genotypes: CCN-51, ICS-60, ICS95, POUND-7 and VRAE-99 with four doses of cadmium: 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm). The source of cadmium used was cadmium sulfate (3CdSO4.8H2O), with 98.0% of Cd. The cocoa beans are from Cacao Germplasm Bank of the Instituto de Cultivos Tropicales (ICT) of Tarapoto (San Martín Region) and from INIA - Pichanaki experimental station, they were germinated in sand, then, they were pounded into bags with a substrate composed of soil from a cocoa plantation + sheep guano + sand (in a ratio of 3: 2: 1). Cadmium was applied in solution, prepared in deionized water and according to the previously determined doses. During the 165 days that the experiments lasted, three evaluations were made on the height, number of leaves, and stem diameter of the plant. At the end of the test, the fresh and dry weight of the aerial part (leaves + stems) and roots, also length of the root were evaluated (the longest one). In addition, the cadmium content in leaves and roots was analyzed; and also, residual cadmium in the substrate. The results showed that the genotypes studied had a variable response to the different doses of cadmium tested. There was no significant effect of the doses of cadmium in growth and the values reached in the variables evaluated correspond to the genetic potential of each genotype. POUND-7 was the most vigorous genotype. Cadmium absorption capacity varied from one genotype to another. ICS-95 absorbed more cadmium and ICS-60 much less. Generally, the highest concentration of this element occurred in the roots; but in no case, symptoms of phytotoxicity were observed. Furthermore, the residual available cadmium remained at a relatively high level

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in root s(NN)=2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions

We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as nu(ch)(2) (jet). Jet finding is performed employing the anti-k(T) algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero nu(ch)(2) (jet) is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50% centrality) for 20 <p(T)(ch) (jet) <90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the nu(2) of single charged particles at high p(T). Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe

Event-shape engineering for inclusive spectra and elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV

Peer reviewe

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Pseudorapidity and transverse-momentum distributions of charged particles in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

The pseudorapidity (eta) and transverse-momentum (p(T)) distributions of charged particles produced in proton-proton collisions are measured at the centre-of-mass energy root s = 13 TeV. The pseudorapidity distribution in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1.8 is reported for inelastic events and for events with at least one charged particle in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1. The pseudorapidity density of charged particles produced in the pseudorapidity region vertical bar eta vertical bar <0.5 is 5.31 +/- 0.18 and 6.46 +/- 0.19 for the two event classes, respectively. The transverse-momentum distribution of charged particles is measured in the range 0.15 <p(T) <20 GeV/c and vertical bar eta vertical bar <0.8 for events with at least one charged particle in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1. The evolution of the transverse momentum spectra of charged particles is also investigated as a function of event multiplicity. The results are compared with calculations from PYTHIA and EPOS Monte Carlo generators. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Elliptic flow of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76TeV

The elliptic flow, v(2), of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity (2.5 <y <4) is measured in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)= 2.76TeVwith the ALICE detector at the LHC. The scalar product, two- and four-particle Q cumulants and Lee-Yang zeros methods are used. The dependence of the v(2) of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays on the collision centrality, in the range 0-40%, and on transverse momentum, p(T), is studied in the interval 3 <p(T)<10 GeV/c. A positive v(2) is observed with the scalar product and two-particle Q cumulants in semi-central collisions (10-20% and 20-40% centrality classes) for the p(T) interval from 3 to about 5GeV/c with a significance larger than 3 sigma, based on the combination of statistical and systematic uncertainties. The v(2) magnitude tends to decrease towards more central collisions and with increasing pT. It becomes compatible with zero in the interval 6 <p(T)<10 GeV/c. The results are compared to models describing the interaction of heavy quarks and open heavy-flavour hadrons with the high-density medium formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Centrality evolution of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density over a broad pseudorapidity range in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76TeV

Peer reviewe

燒津鰹漁業に於ける船仲組織(上) - 本邦漁業に特異なる勞働組織の一例 -

We report on the measurement of freeze-out radii for pairs of identical-charge pions measured in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV as a function of collision centrality and the average transverse momentum of the pair kT. Three-dimensional sizes of the system (femtoscopic radii), as well as direction-averaged onedimensional radii are extracted. The radii decrease with kT, following a power-law behavior. This is qualitatively consistent with expectations from a collectively expanding system, produced in hydrodynamic calculations. The radii also scale linearly with _dNch/dη_1/3. This behavior is compared to world data on femtoscopic radii in heavy-ion collisions. While the dependence is qualitatively similar to results at smaller √sNN, a decrease in the ratio Rout/Rside is seen, which is in qualitative agreement with a specific prediction from hydrodynamic models: a change from inside-out to outside-in freeze-out configuration. The results provide further evidence for the production of a collective, strongly coupled system in heavy-ion collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

生産增加と貨幣需要

We report on two-particle charge-dependent cor- relations in pp, p\u2013Pb, and Pb\u2013Pb collisions as a function of the pseudorapidity and azimuthal angle difference, \u3b7 and \u3c6 respectively. These correlations are studied using the balance function that probes the charge creation time and the develop- ment of collectivity in the produced system. The dependence of the balance function on the event multiplicity as well as on the trigger and associated particle transverse momentum ( pT ) in pp, p\u2013Pb, and Pb\u2013Pb collisions at 1asNN = 7, 5.02, and 2.76 TeV, respectively, are presented. In the low transverse momentum region, for 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c, the balance function becomes narrower in both \u3b7 and \u3c6 directions in all three systems for events with higher multiplicity. The experimental findings favor models that either incorporate some collective behavior (e.g. AMPT) or different mecha- nisms that lead to effects that resemble collective behavior (e.g. PYTHIA8 with color reconnection). For higher values of transverse momenta the balance function becomes even narrower but exhibits no multiplicity dependence, indicating that the observed narrowing with increasing multiplicity at low pT is a feature of bulk particle production