Les villages tanzaniens ujamaa 40 ans plus tard : Moralisation et commémoration du collectivisme

Entre 1967 et 1977, quelque 10 millions de Tanzaniens ont été déplacés de leur terre affermée et regroupés dans des villages ujamaa (littéralement, familyhood) bâtis par suite d’une décision gouvernementale, donnant lieu ainsi à l’un des plus vastes programmes de réinstallation de l’histoire. Le président Julius Nyerere, « père » et philosophe du socialisme tanzanien, a justifié la villagisation en alléguant qu’elle permettrait d’améliorer la prestation de services de base à la population, tels que des cliniques médicales, des écoles et de l’eau potable. Or, dans la foulée de l’abandon progressif du programme et du discours socialistes au milieu des années 1980, le sort de ces villages demeure dans une large mesure inconnu. Comment les villageois évaluent-ils de nos jours la vie dans ces villages comparativement à ce qu’elle était à l’époque socialiste? Quels éléments de la coopération communale, s’il s’avère que celle‑ci a véritablement existé, ont été maintenus? Cet article fait état d’une enquête réalisée auprès de résidants d’anciens villages ujamaa de la région de Mwanza. Leurs témoignages apportent certaines réponses à ces questions et sont mis en contexte dans une plus vaste analyse de la politique agricole tanzanienne sous les régimes socialiste et postsocialiste.Between 1967 and 1977, some 10 million Tanzanians were moved from scattered individual holdings into government mandated Ujamaa (literally, ‘familyhood’) villages in one of the largest resettlement movements in history. President Julius Nyerere, ‘father’ and philosopher of Tanzanian socialism, justified villagization on the grounds of being better able to provide basic services, such as medical clinics, schools, and clean water, to the citizenry. Yet in the wake of the quiet abandonment of socialist policy and rhetoric in the mid-1980s, the fate of these villages remains largely unknown. How do villagers evaluate life in these villages now as compared to socialist times? Have any elements of communal cooperation that may have existed been retained? In this paper, interviewed with residents in former Ujamaa villages in Mwanza Region provide some answers to these questions and are contextualized within a broader analysis of agricultural policy in socialist and postsocialist Tanzania.Entre 1967 y 1977, cerca de 10 millones de tanzano fueron desplazados de las tierras que rentaban y reagrupados en pueblos ujamaa (literalmente, lotes familiares) construidos por designio gubernamental, justificando así uno de los más vastos programas de re-localización de la historia. El presidente Julios Nyerere «padre» y filósofo del socialismo tanzano, había justificado la creación de esos pueblos argumentando que eso permitiría mejorar la prestación de servicios de base a la población, tal y como las clínicas médicas, las escuelas y el agua potable. Ahora bien, con el abandono progresivo del programa y del discurso socialista a mediados de los años 1980, aun se ignora cual será el destino de dichos pueblos. ¿Cómo sus habitantes evalúan actualmente la vida en esos pueblos comparada con lo que vivían durante la época socialista? ¿Cuáles son los elementos de la cooperación comunal, si realmente existió, que han perdurado? Este artículo reporta una investigación realizada entre los residentes de los antiguos pueblos ujamaa de la región de Mwanza. Sus afirmaciones permiten dilucidar ciertas cuestiones y han sido contextualizadas en el cuadro de un análisis más vasto de la política agrícola tanzana bajo los regímenes socialistas y post-socialistas

Transforming Music Time in Africa for a New Worldwide Audience

Radio is the new medium of the 20th century, reinvented over again as new information and communication technologies emerge. Recordings of radio programs, whose value derives from their rarity, uniqueness, and visceral sensory power, are a surprisingly common component of audiovisual archives. Private collectors, national and international broadcasting companies, and community archivists are assembling sizable collections that now have varying degrees of access. When transformed digitally and delivered in new formats and on new platforms, recordings of radio programs have the potential to reshape our understanding of audio [intangible] cultural property in settings where the boundary-spanning nature of information and communication technologies (ICTs) confront the new realities of post colonialism. This article contextualizes an innovative effort to transform and deliver digitally a forty-year run of radio programs broadcast to the African continent by the Voice of America. The article positions the radio program—Music Time in Africa—in the context of international radio in sub-Saharan Africa and summarize the insights of three research literatures that inform approaches to providing access to musical heritage resources recorded under a wide variety of circumstances. The article concludes with a discussion of pro-active archiving through digital “rebroadcasting” as one possible strategy for overcoming the near universal restrictions on online access.National Endowment for the HumanitiesPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143181/1/Conway Askew Music Time in Africa IASA 2018.pdfDescription of Conway Askew Music Time in Africa IASA 2018.pdf : Main articl

The effects of verbal information and approach-avoidance training on children's fear-related responses.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study examined the effects of verbal information and approach-avoidance training on fear-related cognitive and behavioural responses about novel animals. METHODS One hundred and sixty children (7-11 years) were randomly allocated to receive: a) positive verbal information about one novel animal and threat information about a second novel animal (verbal information condition); b) approach-avoidance training in which they repeatedly pushed away (avoid) or pulled closer (approach) pictures of the animals (approach-avoidance training), c) a combined condition in which verbal information was given prior to approach-avoidance training (verbal information + approach-avoidance training) and d) a combined condition in which approach-avoidance training was given prior to verbal information (approach-avoidance training + verbal information). RESULTS Threat and positive information significantly increased and decreased fear beliefs and avoidance behaviour respectively. Approach-avoidance training was successful in training the desired behavioural responses but had limited effects on fear-related responses. Verbal information and both combined conditions resulted in significantly larger effects than approach-avoidance training. We found no evidence for an additive effect of these pathways. LIMITATIONS This study used a non-clinical sample and focused on novel animals rather than animals about which children already had experience or established fears. The study also compared positive information/approach with threat information/avoid training, limiting specific conclusions regarding the independent effects of these conditions. CONCLUSIONS The present study finds little evidence in support of a possible causal role for behavioural response training in the aetiology of childhood fear. However, the provision of verbal information appears to be an important pathway involved in the aetiology of childhood fear

Physical Activity, Mental Health and Wellbeing of Adults within and during the Easing of COVID-19 Restrictions, in the United Kingdom and New Zealand

Physical activity (PA) participation was substantially reduced at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between PA, mental health, and wellbeing during and following the easing of COVID-19 restrictions in the United Kingdom (UK) and New Zealand (NZ). In this study, 3363 adults completed online surveys within 2–6 weeks of initial COVID-19 restrictions (April/May 2020) and once restrictions to human movement had been eased. Outcome measures included the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short-Form, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-9 (mental health) and World Health Organisation-5 Wellbeing Index. There were no differences in PA, mental health or wellbeing between timepoints (p > 0.05). Individuals engaging in moderate or high volume of PA had significantly better mental health (−1.1 and −1.7 units, respectively) and wellbeing (11.4 and 18.6 units, respectively) than individuals who engaged in low PA (p < 0.001). Mental health was better once COVID-19 restrictions were eased (p < 0.001). NZ had better mental health and wellbeing than the UK (p < 0.001). Participation in moderate-to-high volumes of PA was associated with better mental health and wellbeing, both during and following periods of COVID-19 containment, compared to participation in low volumes of PA. Where applicable, during the current or future pandemic(s), moderate-to-high volumes of PA should be encouraged

Physical activity, mental health and well-being of adults during initial COVID-19 containment strategies: A multi-country cross-sectional analysis

ObjectivesTo assess physical activity (PA), mental health and well-being of adults in the United Kingdom (UK), Ireland, New Zealand and Australia during the initial stages of National governments’ Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) containment responses.DesignObservational, cross-sectional.MethodsAn online survey was disseminated to adults (n = 8,425; 44.5 ± 14.8y) residing in the UK, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia within the first 2-6 weeks of government-mandated COVID-19 restrictions. Main outcome measures included: Stages of Change scale for exercise behaviour change; International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short-form); World Health Organisation-5 Well-being Index; and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-9.ResultsParticipants who reported a negative change in exercise behaviour from before initial COVID-19 restrictions to during the initial COVID-19 restrictions demonstrated poorer mental health and well-being compared to those demonstrating either a positive-or no change in their exercise behaviour (p < 0.001). Whilst women reported more positive changes in exercise behaviour, young people (18-29y) reported more negative changes (both p < 0.001). Individuals who had more positive exercise behaviours reported better mental health and well-being (p < 0.001). Although there were no differences in PA between countries, individuals in New Zealand reported better mental health and well-being (p < 0.001).ConclusionThe initial COVID-19 restrictions have differentially impacted upon PA habits of individuals based upon their age and sex, and therefore have important implications for international policy and guideline recommendations. Public health interventions that encourage PA should target specific groups (e.g., men, young adults) who are most vulnerable to the negative effects of physical distancing and/or self-isolation

Learning about pain from others: an observational learning account

Although direct experience and verbal instruction are important sources in the development of pain-related beliefs and behaviors, accumulating evidence indicates that observation of others in pain may be equally as important. Taking a contemporary view on learning as a starting point, we discuss available evidence on observational learning in the context of pain, highlight its importance for both development and management of chronic pain problems, and discuss potential moderators of observational learning effects. We argue that the capacity to understand and appreciate the experience of another person is fundamental to observational learning, including use of this information to establish the association between pain and antecedent or consequent stimuli. A main objective of this paper is to stimulate research on the role of learning about pain from others. Several lines for further research, including clinical applications, are delineated. Perspective: Based upon a contemporary view on learning, this focus article delineates how pain-related beliefs and behaviors may be learnt by observing others. It is discussed how further research on the acquisition of pain-related beliefs/behaviors might further our understanding of pain and disability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract

From 'One Namibia, One Nation' towards 'Unity in Diversity? Shifting representations of culture and nationhood in Namibian Independence Day celebrations, 1990-2010

In 2010 Namibia celebrated its twentieth anniversary of independence from South African rule. The main celebrations in the country’s capital Windhoek became the stage for an impressively orchestrated demonstration of maturing nationhood, symbolically embracing postcolonial policy concepts such as ‘national reconciliation’, ‘unity’ and ‘diversity’. At the same time, nation building in post-apartheid Namibia is characterised by a high degree of social and political fragmentation that manifests itself in cultural and/or ethnic discourses of belonging. Taking the highly significant independence jubilee as our vantage point, we map out a shift of cultural representations of the nation in Independence Day celebrations since 1990, embodied by the two prominent slogans of ‘One Namibia, one Nation’ and ‘Unity in Diversity’. As we will argue, the difficult and at times highly fragile postcolonial disposition made it necessary for the SWAPO government, as primary nation builder, to accommodate the demands of regions and local communities in its policy frameworks. This negotiation of local identifications and national belonging in turn shaped, and continues to shape, the performative dimension of Independence Day celebrations in Namibia.Web of Scienc

Measurement of the Forward-Backward Asymmetry in the B -> K(*) mu+ mu- Decay and First Observation of the Bs -> phi mu+ mu- Decay

We reconstruct the rare decays $B^+ \to K^+\mu^+\mu^-$, $B^0 \to K^{*}(892)^0\mu^+\mu^-$, and $B^0_s \to \phi(1020)\mu^+\mu^-$ in a data sample corresponding to $4.4 {\rm fb^{-1}}$ collected in $p\bar{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=1.96 {\rm TeV}$ by the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. Using $121 \pm 16$ $B^+ \to K^+\mu^+\mu^-$ and $101 \pm 12$ $B^0 \to K^{*0}\mu^+\mu^-$ decays we report the branching ratios. In addition, we report the measurement of the differential branching ratio and the muon forward-backward asymmetry in the $B^+$ and $B^0$ decay modes, and the $K^{*0}$ longitudinal polarization in the $B^0$ decay mode with respect to the squared dimuon mass. These are consistent with the theoretical prediction from the standard model, and most recent determinations from other experiments and of comparable accuracy. We also report the first observation of the $B^0_s \to \phi\mu^+\mu^- decay and measure its branching ratio${\mathcal{B}}(B^0_s \to \phi\mu^+\mu^-) = [1.44 \pm 0.33 \pm 0.46] \times 10^{-6}$using$27 \pm 6$signal events. This is currently the most rare$B^0_s$ decay observed.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, 3 tables. Submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Measurements of the properties of Lambda_c(2595), Lambda_c(2625), Sigma_c(2455), and Sigma_c(2520) baryons

We report measurements of the resonance properties of Lambda_c(2595)+ and Lambda_c(2625)+ baryons in their decays to Lambda_c+ pi+ pi- as well as Sigma_c(2455)++,0 and Sigma_c(2520)++,0 baryons in their decays to Lambda_c+ pi+/- final states. These measurements are performed using data corresponding to 5.2/fb of integrated luminosity from ppbar collisions at sqrt(s) = 1.96 TeV, collected with the CDF II detector at the Fermilab Tevatron. Exploiting the largest available charmed baryon sample, we measure masses and decay widths with uncertainties comparable to the world averages for Sigma_c states, and significantly smaller uncertainties than the world averages for excited Lambda_c+ states.Comment: added one reference and one table, changed order of figures, 17 pages, 15 figure