Dental fear and anxiety in children: a review of the environmental factors

Dental fear and anxiety are psychological reactions that interfere significantly with daily life. They are problems suffered by many patients worldwide that remain a significant challenge to providing adequate dental care. The multifactorial etiology of children’s dental fear and anxiety identifies the influence of many different risk factors in its development.The aim of this review article is to analyse the scientific literature regarding the different factors associated with dental fear and anxiety in children. Our review of the literature presents a critical analysis of the contributing factors in dental environment that have been investigated in the literature and provides an insight into the possible explanations on the influence of these factors in pediatric patients.Being familiar with these factors would facilitate behaviour management in anxious children. The findings of the literature review give grounds to undertake studies investigating the influence of contributing factors in all pediatric age subgroups

Local Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients – a Review of Current and Alternative Methods, Devices and Techniques

Painless treatment is an integral element of quality pediatric dental care. Recent progress in the field of local anesthesia has led to development of newer agents, delivery devices and also modification in injection techniques. Their aim is to allow the clinician a treatment approach associated with the improved pain control and reduced risk of adverse effect essential for pediatric patients. This article reviews available information on current and alternative means, methods and technologies for achieving local anesthesia in pediatric patients intended to minimize the pain associated with the procedure

Influence of Er:YAG Laser on Objective and Subjective Parameters of Stress during Sealant Application in Children

Background: Acceptance of lasers as alternatives and accessory tools to traditional methods in dental medicine has created an explosion of interest. Er:YAG laser is recommended for enamel conditioning. There is no study evaluating the anxiety in children during fissure sealing procedures when using Er:YAG laser compared to the routine application technique

Scanning Еlectron Мicroscopy of Еnamel and Dentin of Тeeth with Hypocalcified Аmelogenesis Imperfecta

The histological features of teeth with hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) have been poorly studied, which calls into question the effectiveness of modern adhesive techniques used in the treatment of these noncarious defects

LOSS OF SPACE ACCORDING TO THE TIME AND THE TYPE OF THE PREMATURE EXTRACTED DECIDUOUS TEETH

There is a difference of space loss depending on the time of premature extraction and the type of the prematurely extracted teeth. The aim of the study is to determine the space loss according to the time and the type of the extracted teeth. Material and methods: We studied 90 children 6 to 9 years old with premature loss of one or more primary teeth divided into three groups according to the severity of the orthodontic deformation. We used two biometric methods – the Moyers method and measured the mesial and distal movement of the adjustment teeth by drawing perpendicular lines towards the middle line. Results: The average amount of space lost is 0,033 mm for the first group, 2,2 for the second and 3,16 for the third group. The lack of space when the first primary molars are extracted is 0,37 mm in the upper jaw and is due to medicalization of the second primary molar. In the lower jaw the loss of space is – 1,12mm. The lack of space when the second primary molars are prematurely extracted is 1,2 for the upper and 1,45 for the lower jaw. Conclusion: The time is a significant factor for the loss of space. The reduction of space increases when the premature extraction is done before more than two months and when second primary molars are extracted

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MALOCCLUSIONS OF 5 AND 6 YEARS OLD CHILDREN FROM NORTHEASTERN REGION OF BULGARIA

A malocclusion is a misalignment of teeth or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches. The aim of this presentation is to show the percentage of the children with malocclusions and comparison between children with mild and severe malocclusions from rural and urban regions Materials and methods: 1200 children between 5 and 6 years old from North-eastern Bulgaria (600 urban and 600 rural) were examined. WHO standards were applied and the data was collected in WHO statistic forms, which were modified accordingly. The children were divided in 3 groups-healthy, with mild and with severe malocclusions according to Angles classification. Results: More than a half of the urban children are healthy – 51,5% and the biggest percentage of the malocclusions are mild – 31,3%, only 17,2% have severe malocclusions. The rural children are without malocclusions – 23,8% and – 39,2% of them are with severe orthodontic deformations. Relative shares of children with malocclusions from the urban – 48,5% and rural regions – 76,2% The relative share of the healthy children from both urban and rural regions is 37,7%. The relative share of the children with malocclusions from urban and rural regions is 62,3%. Conclusion: A little percent of the rural children are without malocclusions and more of them are with severe ones. We suggest that specialist have to work on better prevention in these regions