Measuring Recovery: Why the Prime-Age EPOP Ratio Tells Us to Not Raise Interest Rates

Working people between the ages 25 to 54 are typically referred to as "prime-age" workers, meaning that most are old enough to be done with school but are too young to be retired. This is the period in people's lives when they are most likely to be employed. By examining the employment-to-population (EPOP) ratio for prime-age Americans, we can eliminate the problems posed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics' (BLS) definition of "unemployment" and the changing age distribution of the population.The prime-age EPOP ratio stood at 79.7 percent in December of 2007 (when the recession began). In both December of 2009 and November of 2010, the prime-age EPOP ratio hit lows of 74.8 percent, yet these lows appear to be anomalies. In both instances, the prime-age EPOP ratio recovered slightly before falling again. The last significant trough came in September and October of 2011, when the prime-age EPOP ratio fell to 74.9 percent.Since 2011, the prime-age EPOP ratio has risen steadily; it hit a high of 77.3 percent in February of 2015 before falling back to 77.2 percent in March. If we take the aforementioned trough of 74.9 percent, we can determine that the labor market has made up 48 percent -- 2.3 percentage points out of 4.8 percentage points -- of the employment lost during the recession. In other words, we are less than halfway recovered

The Case for a Weak Labor Market

In October 2009, the unemployment rate broke double digits for the first time in over two decades. That month, nearly 15.4 million Americans found themselves out of a job. This represented a stark shift from just two years earlier, when the unemployment rate was 4.6 percent and seven million Americans were looking for work.While unemployment remained elevated for a time, it has been falling quickly in recent years. This past January, the unemployment rate dropped below five percent for the first time in eight years. While there have been some monthly fluctuations since then, the unemployment rate has averaged 4.9 percent through the first six months of 2016.Along with the relatively strong rate of job growth -- the economy has added 2.4 million private- sector jobs over the past 12 months -- the low unemployment rate has engendered discussions of whether the labor market is fully recovered. This debate is extremely relevant to both monetary and fiscal policy: if the job market is still weak, the Federal Reserve ("Fed") should keep interest rates low and the government should run larger budget deficits; if the job market is nearly recovered, the Fed should begin increasing rates and the government should avoid fiscal stimulus.This paper argues that the labor market is still weak despite the low unemployment rate. Many media outlets and policymaking institutions have argued the opposite -- as one Fortune headline recently put it, "The U.S. Economy Is Finally at Full Employment." Similarly, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), which is tasked with advising members of Congress on economic policy, estimates that unemployment fell to its natural long-term rate in the first quarter of 2016. Perhaps most importantly, the Fed seems to accept this view as well. Earlier this month, Kansas City Federal Reserve President Esther George said that "the economy is at or near full employment"; in May, San Francisco President John Williams said it was "basically at full employment." Fed Chair Janet Yellen has expressed a similar position, stating that the labor market is close to full employment. Finally, in their June "Summary of Economic Projections," voting members of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) -- the group tasked with setting interest rate policy -- estimated that the long-run unemployment rate lies between 4.6 and 5.0 percent, with the median forecaster projecting a rate of 4.8 percent. In line with this view, Fed officials predicted five rate hikes through the end of 2017.If the labor market is weaker than the Fed believes, raising rates in the near future will needlessly throw many Americans out of work. This paper presents evidence that the job market remains weak; in general, the estimates indicate that the economy is about two-thirds recovered from the Great Recession

The Anomaly of U-3: Why the Unemployment Rate is Overstating the Strength of Today's Labor Market

By examining the historical relationship between the unemployment rate and alternative measures of labor market slack, it is determined that today's labor market has far more slack than is typically associated with an unemployment rate of 5.0 percent. It is therefore unlikely that the economy is at or near full employment