AGRICULTURE IN ROMANIA IN THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION INTO EUROPEAN STRUCTURES DURING POST - ACCESSION

European Union and its Member States shall adjust some provisions of the development strategies aimed at increasing food production in sustainable ways, protecting natural resources and increase competitiveness of European agriculture on the world market. Romania faces imbalances in market conditions is not rationally use land particularly favorable to obtain a competitive agricultural supplies. Large annual variations in crop conditions in which the yields per hectare and per animal is about half the EU15 average does not provide the power necessary at affordable prices, especially for vulnerable population groups. Addressing structural and operational problems of the institutional system of agriculture in Romania\'s European integration process is an important way of overcoming the situations to which the elimination of disparities in economic development and social peace disturbed by high and rising prices of food, produced in quantities increasing imports. In the current international situation in which Romania difficulties in structural adjustment in agriculture and reduction of disparities compared to EU Member States, a national policy of granting real priorities for the sector is badly needed. These priorities cover both ways of achieving the overall objectives which fall within the strategic guidelines of the European Union and European integration meets the needs and solving specific national targets.European integration, rural development, agricultural policy, national objectives, agricultural holdings.

"Demand Readiness Level" (DRL), a new tool to hybridize Market Pull and Technology Push approaches

Analyzing the evolution of the innovation models, from the linear process (“concept” for Schumpeter, “R&D push” for Abernathy, Utterback, “co-innovation” for Shapiro), integrated and systemic process (“coordination process” for Hardy, Iansiti, Chen, “innovative management” for Tucker) to total innovation management (3 totalities for XU) we could understand the evolution of the practices and actors of innovation. This paper identifies the importance of new tools in order to favor the technology transfer process. The author introduces the concept of "Demand Readiness Level", an additional scale to Technology Readiness Level, which will relate to the degree of maturity for the expression of a need by a customer on a given market including the lead markets for eco-innovation. The case of SMEs it will be in particularly addressed with the identification of specific "asymmetries in the innovation process" (Paun, F., 2009): risk asymmetry, cultural asymmetry and technology asymmetry.Eco-innovation, TRL, Technology transfer, SME, Demand

REVIEW OF INEQUALITY METRICS WITH APPLICATION IN INCOME INEQUALITY IN LOUISIANA

Economic data sets usually are, by their nature, very large and therefore researchers naturally want to analyze the distribution of the data set and make statistical inference about various parameters of interest, such as means, medians, variances, etc. To perform such tasks several incomes metrics or indices are generally used. Among the metrics widely used, we will consider in this paper only three: Lorenz curve, the the so-called S-Gini index and the Atkinson index. We also consider a general index of economic inequality that covers a number of indices, including the aforementioned S-Gini and Atkinson indices.Economic inequality, Gini index, Atkinson index, asymptotic normality.

"Demand Readiness Level" (DRL), a new tool to hybridize Market Pull and Technology Push approaches. Introspective analysis of the new trends in Technology Transfer practices.

L'analyse de l'évolution des modèles d'innovation, d'une perception comme processus linéaire (" le concept " chez Schumpeter, " le R&D chez Abernathy, Utterback, ou " la co-innovation " chez Shapiro), comme processus intégré et systémique (" coordination procès " chez Hardy, Jansiti, Chen, " management innovant" chez Tucker) vers une perception globale du total innovation management (les trois totalités de XU), permet de comprendre aussi l'évolution des pratiques et des acteurs de l'innovation. Ces travaux de recherche identifient l'importance de nouveaux outils pour favoriser le transfère de technologie. L'auteur introduit, grâce à ses recherches économiques sur les acteurs et les processus d'innovation ressourcés dans son expérience de travail avec les PME innovantes en France, le concept de "Demand Readiness Level " (DRL), une échelle complémentaire au TRL (Technology Readiness Level) qui sera capable d'identifier le dégrée de maturité de l'expression d'une demande d'innovation par un acteur du marché, y inclut les marchés de l'éco-innovation. Le cas des PME sera analysé en particulier avec l'identification des " asymétries des acteurs du processus d'innovation " (Paun, 2009) : asymétries de risque financier, asymétries culturelles, technologiques qui devront être gérées (réduites ou compensées) pour favoriser la création de valeur à travers l'innovation.Transfer de technologie, asymétries, innovation, éco-innovation, PME