Mano de obra, región y tamaño como factores de eficiencia técnica de sistemas lecheros

Antecedentes: La eficiencia técnica (ET) se refiere a la habilidad de obtener el máximo producto posible según los factores de producción y nivel de tecnología. Objetivo. El objetivo del artículo fue la revisión del efecto de factores como la mano de obra, ubicación geográfica y el tamaño de la granja, con la ET de sistemas lecheros. Desarrollo: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en relación a los factores de mano de obra, ubicación geográfica y tamaño de granja y como pueden afectar la eficiencia técnica (ET) en sistemas lecheros. En relación al nexo entre la región, la mano de obra y el tamaño de los rebaños se ha indicado incluso una evolución en incrementos en el total de vacas y del área con la ET en los sistemas lecheros. Los estudios que informan del tamaño de la granja y el total de vacas, mostraron relación positiva con la ET, esto hizo suponer que las granjas lecheras grandes tienen mayor ET que las más pequeñas, no obstante, la relación tamaño-eficiencia no se muestra muy robusta. Conclusiones: Se encontraron relaciones de la eficiencia técnica con la mano de obra, con la  preparación técnica y la extensión rural en modo diferencial, sin embargo no se encontró una relación significativa sostenida entre el tamaño de la granja y la eficiencia técnica en varios países y diferentes tipos de productores, con una relación negativa entre la eficiencia y el tamaño de la granja en algunos, lo que también podría reflejar la complejidad adicional de administrar un conjunto más amplio de recursos y lograr eficiencia técnica a diferentes escalas. Palabras clave: área, economía, eficiencia, ganadería, recursos humanos (Fuente: AIMS

Apolipoprotein B signal peptide polymorphism distribution among South Amerindian populations

This is the published version, also available here: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41465798

Nuevos aportes sobre alteraciones cognitivas y metabólico-cerebrales por la administración de ketamina en dosis subanestésicas en ratas Rattus norvegicus (estudio preliminar)

La ketamina antagonista del receptor NMDA fue creada en la década del 60 como anestésico disociativo para niños y adultos; rápidamente ocupo un lugar fundamental en medicina veterinaria. Con el tiempo se le atribuyeron otro tipo de utilidades como analgésico, antidepresivo e incluso anticonvulsivante para algún tipo de estado epiléptico refractario. En nuestro laboratorio lo utilizamos como anestésico para la colocación de cánulas intracerebrales en dosis de 70 mg/kg.2 En el caso de su uso como analgésico para dolor de origen central y neuropático la dosis es muy por debajo de la utilizada para llegar al plano quirúrgico. Por lo que es fundamental saber si estas dosis conllevan consecuencias a nivel cognitivo y qué cambios se producen a nivel metabólico en las estructuras cerebrales implicadas en dichos procesos. En trabajos previos demostramos que la ketamina no produce alteración en el patrón de movimientos con dosis inferiores a 5 mg/ kg pero provoca detrimento de la memoria de trabajo asociado a alteraciones metabólicas de la corteza prefrontal e hipocampo. La amígdala es una estructura que forma parte del sistema límbico, está formada por muchos núcleos, se la relaciona con el miedo, la ansiedad y los procesos de memoria.Fil: Guevara, M. A.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Lorenzo, S.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Anselmi, V.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Romanowicz, E.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Cabrera, M.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: García Menéndez, Sebastián Marcelo Manuel. Laboratorio de Neurociencias y Psicología Experimental.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Barrutieta, I.. Universidad del País Vasco; EspañaFil: Baiardi, G.. Universidad Católica de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Lafuente, J. V.. Universidad del País Vasco; EspañaFil: Gargiulo, Pascual Angel. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza; ArgentinaNEUROLATINVET 2019 - VII Congreso Latinoamericano de Neurología Veterinaria, X Encuentro de Neurología Veterinaria del Cono Sur, II Congreso de Neurocirugía VeterinariaMendozaArgentinaAsociación Argentina de Neurología Veterinari

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

In Vitro and In Vivo High-Throughput Assays for the Testing of Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Compounds

The treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection (the cause of human Chagas disease) remains a significant challenge. Only two drugs, both with substantial toxicity, are available and the efficacy of these dugs is often questioned – in many cases due to the limitations of the methods for assessing efficacy rather than to true lack of efficacy. For these reasons relatively few individuals infected with T. cruzi actually have their infections treated. In this study, we report on innovative methods that will facilitate the discovery of new compounds for the treatment of T. cruzi infection and Chagas disease. Utilizing fluorescent and bioluminescent parasite lines, we have developed in vitro tests that are reproducible and facile and can be scaled for high-throughput screening of large compound libraries. We also validate an in vivo screening test that monitors parasite replication at the site of infection and determines the effectiveness of drug treatment in less than two weeks. More importantly, results in this rapid in vivo test show strong correlations with those obtained in long-term (e.g. 40 day or more) treatment assays. The results of this study remove one of the obstacles for identification of effective and safe compounds to treat Chagas disease

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead