30 research outputs found

    Parentalité et vie familiale autour de la séropositivité

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    Ce Travail de Bachelor s’intĂ©resse aux thĂ©matiques autour de la sĂ©ropositivitĂ© et de la vie de famille. Je mobilise dans ce cadre des concepts comme la parentalitĂ©, le tabou, le stigmate ou la discrimination. La question de recherche autour de laquelle s’articule ce rapport est la suivante : Comment la sĂ©ropositivitĂ© est-elle vĂ©cue au sein d’une famille dont l’un des parents, au moins, est sĂ©ropositif ? J’ai cherchĂ© Ă  dĂ©terminer, avec cette recherche, si et quand une intervention de professionnel-le-s dans le domaine du travail social peut ĂȘtre nĂ©cessaire en lien avec une des trois pistes d’action suivantes : le soutien Ă  la parentalitĂ© et Ă  la vie de famille, la complĂ©mentaritĂ© du rĂ©seau ainsi que la prĂ©vention et la rĂ©flexion autour de la discrimination. Pour permettre Ă  mon travail de se moduler autour d’objectifs de recherche, j’ai posĂ© trois hypothĂšses qui mentionnaient, en rĂ©sumĂ©, le fait que la sĂ©ropositivitĂ© pouvait ĂȘtre un obstacle Ă  la parentalitĂ©, qu’elle pouvait rendre la vie familiale plus difficile en ayant des impacts sur les personnes vivant dans ce contexte et que l’intervention d’un ou d’une TS pouvait ĂȘtre nĂ©cessaire dans une famille dont au moins l’un des parents Ă©tait sĂ©ropositif. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces interrogations, j’ai dĂ©cidĂ© d’interviewer trois parents sĂ©ropositifs et trois enfants dont, au moins, l’un des parents Ă©tait atteint du VIH sous forme d’entretiens semi-directifs. En lien avec les trois hypothĂšses, il est ressorti tout d’abord des entretiens que bien que certains aient subi de la discrimination de la part de leur entourage ou du corps mĂ©dical, dans toutes les familles interviewĂ©es, aucune d’entre elles n’a renoncĂ© Ă  avoir un enfant. Pour ce qui est de la difficultĂ© que pouvait engendrer le VIH dans la parentalitĂ© et la vie de famille, les rĂ©sultats montrent qu’effectivement cette infection peut avoir des consĂ©quences nĂ©gatives comme le ressenti d’un jugement discriminatoire ou la perte d’un proche dans le pire des cas. Cependant, dans d’autres situations, la sĂ©ropositivitĂ© a aussi eu des impacts positifs et a permis de dĂ©velopper une certaine rĂ©silience. Enfin, il a Ă©tĂ© vu que les travailleurs et travailleuses sociales jouent dĂ©jĂ  un rĂŽle dans certains domaines en lien avec le VIH comme par exemple dans des hĂŽpitaux ou dans des associations. Cependant, les personnes interviewĂ©es ont mentionnĂ© la nĂ©cessitĂ© de travailler au niveau de la prĂ©vention contre la discrimination et m’ont donnĂ© quelques pistes d’action en lien avec ce besoin, pistes que j’ai dĂ©veloppĂ©es Ă  la fin de ce travail de recherche. Concernant la structure de mon travail, elle a Ă©tĂ© faite selon l’ordre que j’ai suivi pour ma recherche. Ainsi Ă  la suite de l’introduction, les premiers chapitres concernent le cadre thĂ©orique et les hypothĂšses de recherche. Puis j’aborde la mĂ©thodologie. Mes derniĂšres parties sont l’analyse des donnĂ©es et l’interprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats pour finir par une partie conclusive

    Comment les parents d’accueil prennent-ils en charge l’enfant placĂ© ?: la situation en Valais

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    Le prĂ©sent travail traite du placement d’enfants, par mesure de protection, dans des familles d’accueil du canton du Valais. Cette thĂ©matique dĂ©coule d’un questionnement sur la maniĂšre dont les accueillants prennent en charge les enfants placĂ©s. La recherche tente notamment d’identifier comment les familles sont prĂ©parĂ©es, et se prĂ©parent, Ă  l’accueil de l’enfant, quelles difficultĂ©s elles peuvent rencontrer au cours de l’accueil et comment la formation et le soutien apportĂ©s par les professionnels les aident

    "Dessine-moi un parent": le soutien Ă  la parentalitĂ© dans le cadre de l’aide contrainte

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    Le prĂ©sent travail traite de la relation et de la collaboration entre Ă©ducateurs et Ă©ducatrices du service AEMO (Action Educative en Milieu Ouvert) et parents, dans le cadre de l’aide contrainte. Dans la premiĂšre partie, intitulĂ©e "cadre thĂ©orique", nous dĂ©veloppons diffĂ©rents concepts que nous avons jugĂ©s pertinents pour travailler notre question de recherche: la famille, la parentalitĂ© et le soutien Ă  la parentalitĂ©, mais aussi la contrainte, le partenariat, le pouvoir et la nĂ©gociation. Cette question de recherche, fil conducteur de notre travail, est la suivante : « Quels sont les enjeux et les difficultĂ©s liĂ©s Ă  l’élaboration d’un projet entre professionnel.le.s et parents, dans le cadre de l’aide contrainte ?

    Persistance, contraintes et détournement de la division sexuelle du travail dans la sphÚre domestique. Une étude de cas dans les Alpes valaisannes

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    AprĂšs une premiĂšre expĂ©rience similaire dans la Val Maggia (Tessin), un ambitieux dispositif de formation expĂ©rimental d’une durĂ©e de deux ans spĂ©cifiquement conçu pour les femmes des vallĂ©es alpines et intitulĂ© parcoursArianna a Ă©tĂ© implĂ©mentĂ© en Valais, dans le Val d’Anniviers. Ses concepteurs et conceptrices partaient du constat que les femmes de ces rĂ©gions dites pĂ©riphĂ©riques Ă©taient dĂ©favorisĂ©es en matiĂšre de formation et d’accĂšs Ă  l’emploi du fait de leur situation sociogĂ©ographique. L’objectif de cette formation d’une durĂ©e de deux ans Ă©tait d’offrir in situ aux participantes les cours, les outils et le soutien nĂ©cessaires pour imaginer puis crĂ©er des microentreprises qui leur permettent de concilier charges familiales et travail professionnel tout en s’inscrivant dans le dĂ©veloppement durable du territoire oĂč elles vivent. Avec une perspective fĂ©ministe s’inscrivant dans le domaine de l’anthropologie sociale, j’ai abordĂ© ce dispositif comme un rĂ©vĂ©lateur potentiel de l’évolution des rapports sociaux de sexe dans la famille des participantes. Ma recherche de terrain a pour objectif d’analyser dans quelle mesure les contraintes imposĂ©es aux participantes par la division sexuelle du travail dans leur sphĂšre domestique et l’articulation entre famille et formation/travail ne les empĂȘchent pas de profiter pleinement de l’opportunitĂ© proposĂ©e dans leur vallĂ©e et de s’investir dans le dĂ©veloppement d’un projet personnel original et rĂ©munĂ©rateur destinĂ© Ă  "professionnaliser leurs compĂ©tences". En inversant la perspective, cette thĂšse interroge Ă©galement la capacitĂ© d’une action publique Ă  s'immiscer dans l’espace domestique pour y modifier les normes liĂ©es aux rĂŽles de genre et statuts de sexe. -- After a similar first experience in the Vallemaggia (Ticino), an ambitious two-year experimental training program specifically designed for women in the alpine valleys and called parcoursArianna was implemented in Val d'Anniviers (Valais). Its designers started from the observation that women in these so-called peripheral regions were disadvantaged in terms of training and access to employment because of their socio-geographical situation. The purpose of this two-year training was to offer participants in situ the necessary courses, tools and support to imagine and then create microenterprises that allow them to balance family and professional responsibilities while contributing to the sustainable development of the territory where they live. With a feminist perspective in the field of social anthropology, I approached this device as a potential indicator of the evolution of gender relations in the family of participants. My field research aims to analyze to what extent the constraints imposed on participants by the sexual division of labor in their domestic sphere and the articulation between family and training/work do not prevent them from taking full advantage of the opportunity offered in their valley and investing in the development of an original and remunerative personal project aimed at "professionalizing their skills". By reversing the perspective, this doctoral thesis also questions the ability of a public action to interfere in the domestic space to change the norms related to gender roles and sex status

    Local energy decay of massive Dirac fields in the 5D Myers-Perry metric

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    We consider massive Dirac fields evolving in the exterior region of a 5-dimensional Myers-Perry black hole and study their propagation properties. Our main result states that the local energy of such fields decays in a weak sense at late times. We obtain this result in two steps: first, using the separability of the Dirac equation, we prove the absence of a pure point spectrum for the corresponding Dirac operator; second, using a new form of the equation adapted to the local rotations of the black hole, we show by a Mourre theory argument that the spectrum is absolutely continuous. This leads directly to our main result.Comment: 40 page

    Deletion of Running-Induced Hippocampal Neurogenesis by Irradiation Prevents Development of an Anxious Phenotype in Mice

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    Recent evidence postulates a role of hippocampal neurogenesis in anxiety behavior. Here we report that elevated levels of neurogenesis elicit increased anxiety in rodents. Mice performing voluntary wheel running displayed both highly elevated levels of neurogenesis and increased anxiety in three different anxiety-like paradigms: the open field, elevated O-maze, and dark-light box. Reducing neurogenesis by focalized irradiation of the hippocampus abolished this exercise-induced increase of anxiety, suggesting a direct implication of hippocampal neurogenesis in this phenotype. On the other hand, irradiated mice explored less frequently the lit compartment of the dark-light box test irrespective of wheel running, suggesting that irradiation per se induced anxiety as well. Thus, our data suggest that intermediate levels of neurogenesis are related to the lowest levels of anxiety. Moreover, using c-Fos immunocytochemistry as cellular activity marker, we observed significantly different induction patterns between runners and sedentary controls when exposed to a strong anxiogenic stimulus. Again, this effect was altered by irradiation. In contrast, the well-known induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by voluntary exercise was not disrupted by focal irradiation, indicating that hippocampal BDNF levels were not correlated with anxiety under our experimental conditions. In summary, our data demonstrate to our knowledge for the first time that increased neurogenesis has a causative implication in the induction of anxiety

    Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research

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    Variation in Structure and Process of Care in Traumatic Brain Injury: Provider Profiles of European Neurotrauma Centers Participating in the CENTER-TBI Study.

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    INTRODUCTION: The strength of evidence underpinning care and treatment recommendations in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is low. Comparative effectiveness research (CER) has been proposed as a framework to provide evidence for optimal care for TBI patients. The first step in CER is to map the existing variation. The aim of current study is to quantify variation in general structural and process characteristics among centers participating in the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study. METHODS: We designed a set of 11 provider profiling questionnaires with 321 questions about various aspects of TBI care, chosen based on literature and expert opinion. After pilot testing, questionnaires were disseminated to 71 centers from 20 countries participating in the CENTER-TBI study. Reliability of questionnaires was estimated by calculating a concordance rate among 5% duplicate questions. RESULTS: All 71 centers completed the questionnaires. Median concordance rate among duplicate questions was 0.85. The majority of centers were academic hospitals (n = 65, 92%), designated as a level I trauma center (n = 48, 68%) and situated in an urban location (n = 70, 99%). The availability of facilities for neuro-trauma care varied across centers; e.g. 40 (57%) had a dedicated neuro-intensive care unit (ICU), 36 (51%) had an in-hospital rehabilitation unit and the organization of the ICU was closed in 64% (n = 45) of the centers. In addition, we found wide variation in processes of care, such as the ICU admission policy and intracranial pressure monitoring policy among centers. CONCLUSION: Even among high-volume, specialized neurotrauma centers there is substantial variation in structures and processes of TBI care. This variation provides an opportunity to study effectiveness of specific aspects of TBI care and to identify best practices with CER approaches

    Variation in general supportive and preventive intensive care management of traumatic brain injury: a survey in 66 neurotrauma centers participating in the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study

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    Abstract Background General supportive and preventive measures in the intensive care management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) aim to prevent or limit secondary brain injury and optimize recovery. The aim of this survey was to assess and quantify variation in perceptions on intensive care unit (ICU) management of patients with TBI in European neurotrauma centers. Methods We performed a survey as part of the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study. We analyzed 23 questions focused on: 1) circulatory and respiratory management; 2) fever control; 3) use of corticosteroids; 4) nutrition and glucose management; and 5) seizure prophylaxis and treatment. Results The survey was completed predominantly by intensivists (n = 33, 50%) and neurosurgeons (n = 23, 35%) from 66 centers (97% response rate). The most common cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) target was > 60 mmHg (n = 39, 60%) and/or an individualized target (n = 25, 38%). To support CPP, crystalloid fluid loading (n = 60, 91%) was generally preferred over albumin (n = 15, 23%), and vasopressors (n = 63, 96%) over inotropes (n = 29, 44%). The most commonly reported target of partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2) was 36–40 mmHg (4.8–5.3 kPa) in case of controlled intracranial pressure (ICP) < 20 mmHg (n = 45, 69%) and PaCO2 target of 30–35 mmHg (4–4.7 kPa) in case of raised ICP (n = 40, 62%). Almost all respondents indicated to generally treat fever (n = 65, 98%) with paracetamol (n = 61, 92%) and/or external cooling (n = 49, 74%). Conventional glucose management (n = 43, 66%) was preferred over tight glycemic control (n = 18, 28%). More than half of the respondents indicated to aim for full caloric replacement within 7 days (n = 43, 66%) using enteral nutrition (n = 60, 92%). Indications for and duration of seizure prophylaxis varied, and levetiracetam was mostly reported as the agent of choice for both seizure prophylaxis (n = 32, 49%) and treatment (n = 40, 61%). Conclusions Practice preferences vary substantially regarding general supportive and preventive measures in TBI patients at ICUs of European neurotrauma centers. These results provide an opportunity for future comparative effectiveness research, since a more evidence-based uniformity in good practices in general ICU management could have a major impact on TBI outcome

    Variation in neurosurgical management of traumatic brain injury

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    Background: Neurosurgical management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is challenging, with only low-quality evidence. We aimed to explore differences in neurosurgical strategies for TBI across Europe. Methods: A survey was sent to 68 centers participating in the Collaborative European Neurotrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) study. The questionnaire contained 21 questions, including the decision when to operate (or not) on traumatic acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) and intracerebral hematoma (ICH), and when to perform a decompressive craniectomy (DC) in raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Results: The survey was completed by 68 centers (100%). On average, 10 neurosurgeons work in each trauma center. In all centers, a neurosurgeon was available within 30 min. Forty percent of responders reported a thickness or volume threshold for evacuation of an ASDH. Most responders (78%) decide on a primary DC in evacuating an ASDH during the operation, when swelling is present. For ICH, 3% would perform an evacuation directly to prevent secondary deterioration and 66% only in case of clinical deterioration. Most respondents (91%) reported to consider a DC for refractory high ICP. The reported cut-off ICP for DC in refractory high ICP, however, differed: 60% uses 25 mmHg, 18% 30 mmHg, and 17% 20 mmHg. Treatment strategies varied substantially between regions, specifically for the threshold for ASDH surgery and DC for refractory raised ICP. Also within center variation was present: 31% reported variation within the hospital for inserting an ICP monitor and 43% for evacuating mass lesions. Conclusion: Despite a homogeneous organization, considerable practice variation exists of neurosurgical strategies for TBI in Europe. These results provide an incentive for comparative effectiveness research to determine elements of effective neurosurgical care
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