Expansión urbanística acelerada y cambio de uso de suelo en el municipio de La Ceja, Antioquia

0El crecimiento urbanístico acelerado en el municipio de la Ceja, ha causado un gran cambio en el uso del suelo, donde suelos dedicados especialmente a agricultura y conservación han cambiado su vocación y ahora son prospectos a urbanización. El presente trabajo fue desarrollado con el objetivo de identificar el crecimiento urbanístico del municipio de la Ceja, Antioquia, con el uso de sistemas de información geográfica. Para ello, se realizó una contextualización del crecimiento poblacional y un análisis de los antecedentes sobre el caso, donde varios autores identificaron una creciente aceleración en la expansión urbana del municipio. No obstante, este trabajo consto de un análisis de información geográfica, donde por medio de mapas de coberturas de suelos se pudo evidenciar el cambio de usos de suelo y el aumento del suelo para vocación urbana. Siendo así, se pudo encontrar que el tejido urbano del municipio de la Ceja si ha tenido una gran expansión y ha cambiado en gran medida el uso del suelo todo el municipio. No obstante, también se pudo evidenciar que la expansión del municipio tiene a continuar, teniendo mucha área del municipio apta para este tema.The accelerated urban growth in the municipality of La Ceja has caused a great change in land use, where lands dedicated especially to agriculture and conservation have changed their vocation and are now prospects for urbanization. The present work was developed with the objective of identifying the urban growth of the municipality of La Ceja, Antioquia, with the use of geographic information systems. For this, a contextualization of population growth and an analysis of the background of the case was carried out, where several authors identify a growing acceleration in the urban expansion of the municipality. However, this work consists of an analysis of geographical information, where through land cover maps it was possible to demonstrate the change in land uses and the increase in land for urban vocation. Thus, it was found that the urban fabric of the municipality of La Ceja has had a great expansion and has greatly changed the use of land throughout the municipality. However, it was also evident that the expansion of the municipality has to continue, with a large area of ​​​​the municipality suitable for this topic

Caracterización morfoagronómica de la diversidad genética de arracacha (Arracacia xanthorhiza Bancroft.) colectadas en la eco-región del eje cafetero colombiano.

La arracacha (Arracacia xanthorhiza Bancroft), es una planta nativa de América, cuyo centro de origen es la región andina de Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Perú y Bolivia. Además, es probablemente una de las especies más antiguas y domesticada desde hace unos 3000 años, siendo cultivada y consumida por campesinos (Alvarado y Ochoa 2010). Con el desarrollo de esta investigación se logró realizar una caracterización morfo agronómica de la diversidad genética de esta especie; con el fin de determinar los caracteres morfológicos más importantes para la identificación y selección de genotipos promisorios de arracacha por su alto potencial agronómico. Por lo tanto, se realizo la colección de germoplasma de arracacha de la Universidad nacional Abierta y a Distancia, compuesta por 39 accesiones colectadas en la eco-región del eje cafetero (valle del cauca, Quindío, Risaralda, Caldas, Tolima, y Huila) Para tal estudio, se pudo deducir que las 39 accesiones se descomponen en 4 grupos, concluyendo que los genotipos D25, D8, V19, D14, R23, D16 y D13, según las características morfológicas encontradas como: Color del follaje, base del peciolo haz, envés, forma del tubérculo, etc., obteniendo un peso promedio y considerable de tubérculos por planta de 106,9 gr; pueden ser tenidos en cuenta para futuros trabajos de mejoramiento de este cultivo.The arracacha (Arracacia xanthorhiza Bancroft), is a plant native to America, whose center of origin is the Andean region of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. In addition, it is probably one of the oldest and most domesticated species for some 3000 years, being cultivated and consumed by farmers (Alvarado and Ochoa 2010). With the development of this research, an agronomic morpho characterization of the genetic diversity of this species was achieved; in order to determine the most important morphological characters for the identification and selection of promising arracacha genotypes due to their high agronomic potential. Therefore, the collection of arracacha germplasm of the National Open and Distance University was carried out, consisting of 39 accessions collected in the eco-region of the coffee axis (Cauca Valley, Quindío, Risaralda, Caldas, Tolima, and Huila) For this study, it was possible to deduce that the 39 accessions are broken down into 3 groups, concluding that genotypes D25, D8, V19, D14, R23, D16 and D13, according to the morphological characteristics found as: Foliage color, base of the petiole beam , underside, shape of the tuber, etc., obtaining an average and considerable weight of tubers per plant of 106.9 gr; They can be taken into account for future improvement work on this crop

Exocytosis of catecholamine (CA)-containing and CA-free granules in chromaffin cells.

Recent evidence suggests that endocytosis in neuroendocrine cells and neurons can be tightly coupled to exocytosis, allowing rapid retrieval from the plasma membrane of fused vesicles for future use. This can be a much faster mechanism for membrane recycling than classical clathrin-mediated endocytosis. During a fast exo-endocytotic cycle, the vesicle membrane does not fully collapse into the plasma membrane; nevertheless, it releases the vesicular contents through the fusion pore. Once the vesicle is depleted of transmitter, its membrane is recovered without renouncing its identity. In this report, we show that chromaffin cells contain catecholamine-free granules that retain their ability to fuse with the plasma membrane. These catecholamine-free granules represent 7% of the total population of fused vesicles, but they contributed to 47% of the fusion events when the cells were treated with reserpine for several hours. We propose that rat chromaffin granules that transiently fuse with the plasma membrane preserve their exocytotic machinery, allowing another round of exocytosis

Red de sensores inalámbricos multisalto para sistemas domóticos de bajo costo y área extendida

Wireless sensor networks have a wide range of applications and many pending challenges, especially those related to the evolution of digital electronics, bandwidth, reduction of implementation costs, network coverage and processing capacity. This document proposes a configuration of multi-hop wireless network oriented to intelligent domotic installations, based on 32-bit microcontrollers and low cost wireless communication modules, which allows to have complete coverage between the devices of the home automation system with a reduced loss of data, improvement in the processing capacity, adaptability and scalability in the nodes. The evaluation of network performance considers the following metrics: response time, network reach, scalability and precision. The experimental results determined a successful adaptation of the AODV multi-hop protocol, allowing sufficient coverage for a single-family house, at transmission speeds of 250Kbps, which guarantees the integrity and security of the data.Las redes de sensores inalámbricos disponen de un campo muy amplio de aplicaciones y aún muchos desafíos pendientes, especialmente aquellos relacionados con la evolución de la electrónica digital, ancho de banda, reducción de costos de implementación, cobertura de red y capacidad de procesamiento. Este documento propone una configuración de red inalámbrica multisalto orientada a instalaciones domóticas inteligentes, basadas en microcontroladores de 32 bits y módulos de comunicación inalámbrica de bajo costo, que permita tener cobertura completa entre los dispositivos del sistema domótico con una reducida pérdida de datos, mejora en la capacidad de procesamiento, adaptabilidad y escalabilidad en los nodos sensores. La evaluación del desempeño de la red considera las siguientes métricas: tiempo de respuesta, alcance de red, escalabilidad y precisión. Los resultados experimentales determinaron una adaptación exitosa del protocolo multisalto AODV, permitiendo una cobertura suficiente para una vivienda unifamiliar, a una velocidad de transmisión de 250Kbps, que garantiza la integridad y seguridad de los datos

Potential common radiation problems for components and diagnostics in future magnetic and inertial confinement fusion devices

This work aims at identifying common potential problems that future fusion devices will encounter for both magnetic (MC) and inertial (IC) confinement approaches in order to promote joint efforts and to avoid duplication of research

Exocytotic catecholamine release is not associated with cation flux through channels in the vesicle membrane but Na+ influx through the fusion pore

Release of charged neurotransmitter molecules through a narrow fusion pore requires charge compensation by other ions. It has been proposed that this may occur by ion flow from the cytosol through channels in the vesicle membrane, which would generate a net outward current. This hypothesis was tested in chromaffin cells using cell-attached patch amperometry that simultaneously measured catecholamine release from single vesicles and ionic current across the patch membrane. No detectable current was associated with catecholamine release indicating that <2% of cations, if any, enter the vesicle through its membrane. Instead,we show that flux of catecholamines through the fusion pore, measured as an amperometric foot signal, decreases when the extracellular cation concentration is reduced. The results reveal that the rate of transmitter release through the fusion pore is coupled to net Na+ influx through the fusion pore, as predicted by electrodiffusion theory applied to fusion-pore permeation,and suggest a prefusion rather than postfusion role for vesicular cation channels

Brr6 drives the Schizosaccharomyces pombe spindle pole body nuclear envelope insertion/extrusion cycle

Insertion into and release of the cytoplasmic domain of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe spindle pole body from a nuclear envelope fenestra during mitosis requires Brr6

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

SummaryBackground The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Septation of Infectious Hyphae Is Critical for Appressoria Formation and Virulence in the Smut Fungus Ustilago Maydis

Differentiation of hyphae into specialized infection structures, known as appressoria, is a common feature of plant pathogenic fungi that penetrate the plant cuticle. Appressorium formation in U. maydis is triggered by environmental signals but the molecular mechanism of this hyphal differentiation is largely unknown. Infectious hyphae grow on the leaf surface by inserting regularly spaced retraction septa at the distal end of the tip cell leaving empty sections of collapsed hyphae behind. Here we show that formation of retraction septa is critical for appressorium formation and virulence in U. maydis. We demonstrate that the diaphanous-related formin Drf1 is necessary for actomyosin ring formation during septation of infectious hyphae. Drf1 acts as an effector of a Cdc42 GTPase signaling module, which also consists of the Cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Don1 and the Ste20-like kinase Don3. Deletion of drf1, don1 or don3 abolished formation of retraction septa resulting in reduced virulence. Appressorium formation in these mutants was not completely blocked but infection structures were found only at the tip of short filaments indicating that retraction septa are necessary for appressorium formation in extended infectious hyphae. In addition, appressoria of drf1 mutants penetrated the plant tissue less frequently