173 research outputs found
Microtubule Organization: A Pericentriolar Material-Like Structure in Yeast Meiosis
SummaryDuring meiotic prophase in fission yeast, the nucleus undergoes dramatic oscillatory movements. A newly identified structure, the radial microtubule organizing center (rMTOC), mediates these movements and shares some ofΒ theΒ features of the pericentriolar material in higher eukaryotes
Growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by 2 phenoxymethyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one in HL-60 leukemia cells
Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate anticancer activity of newly synthesized 2-phenoxymethyl-3H-quinazolin-4-one (PMQ). Materials and Methods: Anticancer activity of PMQ was studied towards human HL-60 leukemia cells. Antiproliferative activity of PMQ was determined by direct counting of cells using trypan blue staining technique. Apoptosis and cell cycle profile changes were analysed using internucleosomal DNA fragmentation assay and flow cytometry. Activation of caspases and changes in glutathione level were monitored using colorimetric or luminiscent methods. Results: PMQ induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in leukemia cells, with IC50 of 10.8 Β± 0.9 Β΅M. DNA flow cytometry analysis and DNA ladder formation assay indicated that PMQ actively induced apoptosis of cells accompanied by a block of cells in G2/M phase and a marked loss of cells in G0/G1 and S phases. Additionally, the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were increased significantly and a markedly increased level of oxidized glutahione was observed. Inhibition of glutahione synthesis using buthionine sulfoximine sensitized leukemia cells to PMQ, confirming the involvement of ROS in PMQ-induced apoptosis. Conclusion: The results of this study clearly demonstrate that PMQ is a promising anticancer drug showing cytostatic and apoptotic effects toward HL-60 leukemia cells mainly through mitochondrial/caspase-9 dependent pathway.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ 2-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»-3Π-Ρ
ΠΈΠ½Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½-4-ΠΎΠ½Π° (PMQ).
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ PMQ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ·Π° Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ HL-60
Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ· ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΠ. ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π· ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π³Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: PMQ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ HL-60 (IC50 ΠΏΡΠΈ 10,8 Β± 0,9 ΞΌM). ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΠΠ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ PMQ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ· ΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° Π² G2
/M ΡΠ°Π·Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² G0
/G1
ΠΈ S ΡΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ-3 ΠΈ -9 ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠ³Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π³Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ HL-60 ΠΊ PMQ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π Π€Π Π² PMQ-ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π΅. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ: PMQ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ·Π° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° HL-60 Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
Antiproliferative activity and apoptosis induced by 6-bromo-2-(morpholin-1-yl)-4-anilinoquinazoline on cells of leukemia lines
Quinazolines are known to be multitarget agents with broad spectrum of biological activity. Aim: To investigate anticancer activity of newly prepared 6-bromo-2-(morpholin-1-yl)-4-anilinoquinazoline (BMAQ) towards L1210, HL-60 and U-937 leukemia cells. Materials and Methods: Growth inhibition of BMAQ-treated cells was determined by cell counting using trypan blue staining technique. Apoptosis and cell cycle profile changes were analysed using internucleosomal DNA fragmentation assay, fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Activity of caspase-3 was determined using colorimetric method. Results: Cell proliferation assay showed that BMAQ caused significant decrease of cell number in a dose-dependent manner. BMAQ induced cell death by apoptosis, based on results from DNA fragmentation, fluorescence microscopy and caspase-3 assays. Conclusion: Presented results clearly demonstrate that BMAQ is a promising anticancer agent with significant antiproliferative and apoptotic activities towards leukemia cells in vitro.ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ
Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΉ L1210,
HL-60 ΠΈ U-937 ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° 6-Π±ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎ-2-(ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½-1-ΠΈΠ»)-4-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΈΠ½Π°Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°
(BMAQ). ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ BMAQ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ,
ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌ. ΠΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ· ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ-3 ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ BMAQ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ BMAQ, ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ±Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Ρ, ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠΠ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π·Ρ-3. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ BMAQ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ in vitro
Growth Modulation of Human Cells in Vitro by Mild Oxidative Stress and 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivative Antioxidants
Reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products are not only cytotoxic but may also modulate signal transduction
in cells. Accordingly, antioxidants may be considered as modifiers of cellular redox signaling. Therefore, the effects
of two novel synthetic antioxidants, analogues of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives, cerebrocrast and Z41-74 were
analysed in vitro on human osteosarcoma cell line HOS, the growth of which can be modulated by lipid peroxidation.
The cells were pretreated with either cerebrocrast or Z41-74 and afterwards exposed to mild, copper induced lipid peroxidation
or to 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), the end product of lipid peroxidation. The results obtained have shown that
both antioxidants exert growth modulating effects interfering with the lipid peroxidation. Namely, cells treated with antioxidants
showed increased metabolic rate and cell growth, thereby attenuating the effects of lipid peroxidation. Such
biomodulating effects of cerebrocrast and Z41-74 resembled growth modulating effects of HNE, suggesting that the antioxidants
could eventually promote cellular adaptation to oxidative stress interacting with redox signaling and hydroxynonenal
HNE-signal transduction pathways. This may be of particular relevance for better understanding the beneficial
role of hydroxynonenal HNE in cell growth control. Therefore, cerebrocrast and Z41-74 could be convenient to study further
oxidative homeostasis involving lipid peroxidation
Adjuvant Cancer Biotherapy by Viscum Album Extract Isorel: Overview of Evidence Based Medicine Findings
Within the integrative medicine one of the most frequently used adjuvant cancer biotherapies is based on aqueous mistletoe (Viscum album) extracts. Tumor growth inhibition, stimulation of host immune response and improvement of the quality of life are the positive effects of mistletoe therapy described in several preclinical and clinical studies. However, cumulative results of the evidence based medicine findings on such treatments are rarely given. Therefore, this paper evaluates the evidence based findings describing effects of the Viscum album extract Isorel in cancer therapy with respect to the type of therapy, stage and type of illness. This study presents cumulated data for 74 patients with different types and stages of cancer treated by Viscum album extract as adjuvant treatment to different conventional therapies, mostly combined surgery and radiotherapy. The biotherapy effectiveness was evaluated according to the outcome as 1) no major therapeutic improvement (15% of patients), 2) prevention of tumor recurrence (47% of patients) and 3) regression of cancer (38% of patients). Notably, there was no obvious health worsening during the follow up period at all. Thus, the results obtained for conventional anticancer therapies combined with adjuvant biotherapy based on Viscum album extract seem to be beneficial for the majority of cancer patients (85%) without serious side effects
Adjuvant Cancer Biotherapy by Viscum Album Extract Isorel: Overview of Evidence Based Medicine Findings
Within the integrative medicine one of the most frequently used adjuvant cancer biotherapies is based on aqueous mistletoe (Viscum album) extracts. Tumor growth inhibition, stimulation of host immune response and improvement of the quality of life are the positive effects of mistletoe therapy described in several preclinical and clinical studies. However, cumulative results of the evidence based medicine findings on such treatments are rarely given. Therefore, this paper evaluates the evidence based findings describing effects of the Viscum album extract Isorel in cancer therapy with respect to the type of therapy, stage and type of illness. This study presents cumulated data for 74 patients with different types and stages of cancer treated by Viscum album extract as adjuvant treatment to different conventional therapies, mostly combined surgery and radiotherapy. The biotherapy effectiveness was evaluated according to the outcome as 1) no major therapeutic improvement (15% of patients), 2) prevention of tumor recurrence (47% of patients) and 3) regression of cancer (38% of patients). Notably, there was no obvious health worsening during the follow up period at all. Thus, the results obtained for conventional anticancer therapies combined with adjuvant biotherapy based on Viscum album extract seem to be beneficial for the majority of cancer patients (85%) without serious side effects
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Proteomic analysis of meiosis and characterization of novel short open reading frames in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
Meiosis is the process by which haploid gametes are produced from diploid precursor cells. We used stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to characterize the meiotic proteome in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We compared relative levels of proteins extracted from cells harvested around meiosis I with those of meiosis II, and proteins from premeiotic S phase with the interval between meiotic divisions, when S phase is absent. Our proteome datasets revealed peptides corresponding to short open reading frames (sORFs) that have been previously identified by ribosome profiling as new translated regions. We verified expression of selected sORFs by Western blotting and analyzed the phenotype of deletion mutants. Our data provide a resource for studying meiosis that may help understand differences between meiosis I and meiosis II and how S phase is suppressed between the two meiotic divisions
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