The current state and dynamics of development of Azerbaijan-germany trade relations

Стаття присвячена деяким питанням динаміки розвитку азербайджано-німецьких торгово-економічних відносин, аналізі її сучасного стану. У вступі автор зазначає, що в останні роки на ринках, що розвиваються европеського Союзу можливості підвищення взаємної торгівлі та інвестиції Азербайджану з Німеччиною стає все більш актуальними. Автор в час своїх досліджень широко іспользоваль метод аналізу статьістіческіх даних, метод порівняльного аналізу статьістіческіх показників Азербайджану, Німеччини та Євросоюзу. Підкреслюється, що по зовнішньоторговельному обігу Азербайджану з Німеччиною має тенденцію стабільного зростання, а зовнішньоторговельний оборот Німеччини з Азербайджаном характеризується нестабільністю. Це пов'язано з тим, що економіка Азербайджану дуже вразлива до зовнішніх шоків. Так, частка нафти, яка є основним джерелом доходу країни, в експорті висока, і в формуванні сукупного попиту переважає державний попит, і доходи від нафти є джерелом його основного фінансування. Таким чином, зміна ціни на нафту на світовому ринку через бюджет впливає на імпорт, а за допомогою ціни на нафту на експорт. Так само відзначається, розвиток зовнішньоекономічних і торговельних зв'язків з Європейським союзом, особливо з Німеччиною, і ефективна інтеграція провідних секторів економіки в світовий ланцюжок вартості вважаються одним з основних напрямків довгострокової стратегії розвитку Азербайджану. У статті з огляду на положення Німеччини насвітовому ринку, був оцінений потенціал торгівлі між двома країнами на основі торгових показників Азербайджану. Показивет, що тут Азербайджан виступає в ролі чистого імпортера в областях, і має дуже невелику частку на світовому ринку. Підкреслюється, що кількісні параметри потенціалу розширення торговельних відносин між Німеччиною і Азербайджаном ще раз показують, що Азербайджан в своїх зовнішньоторговельних відносинах орієнтується на ринок країн СНД. У підсумку зазначається, що структура німецької економіки підтримується в основному завдяки підвищенню конкурентоспроможності країни в глобальному інтеграційному процесі.The article is devoted to some issues of the dynamics of development of Azerbaijani-German trade and economic relations, the analysis of its current state. In the introduction, author notes that in recent years in the emerging markets of the European Union, the possibility of increasing mutual trade and investment between Azerbaijan and Germany has become increasingly important. The author during his research widely used the method of analyzing article statistical data, the method of comparative analysis of article statistical indicators of Azerbaijan, Germany and the European Union. It is emphasized that the foreign trade turnover of Azerbaijan with Germany has a tendency of stable growth, and the foreign trade turnover of Germany with Azerbaijan is characterized by instability. This is due to the fact that the economy of Azerbaijan is very vulnerable to external shocks. Thus, the share of oil, which is the main source of income for the country, is high in exports, and in theformation of aggregate demand, government demand prevails, and oil revenues are the source of its main financing. Thus, the change in the price of oil in the world market through the budget affects imports, and through the price of oil for export. It is also noted that the development of foreign economic and trade relations with the European Union, especially with Germany, and the effective integration of leading sectors of the economy into the global value chain are considered one of the main directions of Azerbaijan’s long-term development strategy. In the article, taking into account the position of Germany in the world market, the potential of trade between the two countries was estimated based on the trade indicators of Azerbaijan. It is shown that here Azerbaijan acts as a net importer in the regions, and has a very small share in the world market. It is emphasized that the quantitative parameters of the potential for the expansion of trade relations between Germany and Azerbaijan once again show that Azerbaijan in its foreign trade relations is oriented towards the market of the CIS countries. As a result, it is noted that the structure of the German economy is supported mainly due to the increased competitiveness of the country in the global integration process

Effect of elevated NaCl concentration to the photosynthesis and activity of catalase in Dunaliella salina cells

Исследовано влияние повышение концентрации NaCl (от 0,5 до 4,0 м) на пигментный состав, кислородный обмен и активность каталазы клеток зеленой водоросли Dunaliella salina. Установлено оптимальную концентрацию NaCl (2,0 М), при которой отмечено интенсивное биосинтез зеленых пигментов и функционирования фотосинтетического аппарата. При повышенных концентрациях NaCl (3,0 и 4,0 м) растет активность каталазы в 5,8 раза в пересчете на 1 мг белка по сравнению с контролем, что составляло 0,5703 мкмоль / мин. на мг белка. Активность каталазы может быть использована как показатель устойчивости клеток водоросли в условиях солевого стрессаДосліджено вплив підвищення концентрації NaCl (від 0,5 до 4,0 М) на пігментний склад, кисневий обмін і активність каталази клітин зеленої водорості Dunaliella salina. Встановлено оптимальну концентрацію NaCl (2,0 М), за якої відмічено інтенсивний біосинтез зелених пігментів і функціонування фотосинтетичного апарату. При підвищених концентраціях NaCl (3,0 та 4,0 М) зростає активність каталази у 5,8 раза у перерахунку на 1 мг білка порівняно з контролем, що становило 0,5703 мкмоль/хв. на мг білка. Активність каталази може бути використана як показник стійкості клітин водорості до умов сольового стресуThe effect of elevated NaCl concentration (from 0.5 to 4.0 M) to the pigment content, O2 exchange and activities of some oxidative stress enzymes in the green alga Dunaliella salina was investigated. The optimum NaCl concentration (2.0 M) for the intensive biosynthesis of green pigments and function of the photosynthetic apparatus were established. The catalase activity increased up to 5.8 times and reached 0.5703 µmol min-1mg-1protein after 7 days of exposure to high salt concentration (3.0 and 4.0 M). The activity of catalase can be used as an indicator of alga cells’ resistance to salinity stress

Involvement of heat shock proteins HSP70 in the mechanisms of endogenous neuroprotection: the prospect of using HSP70 modulators

This analytical review summarizes literature data and our own research on HSP70-dependent mechanisms of neuroprotection and discusses potential pharmacological agents that can influence HSP70 expression to improve neurological outcomes and effective therapy. The authors formed a systemic concepts of the role of HSP70-dependent mechanisms of endogenous neuroprotection aimed at stopping the formation of mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of apoptosis, desensitization of estrogen receptors, reduction of oxidative and nitrosative stress, prevention of morpho-functional changes in brain cells during cerebral ischemia, and experimentally substantiated new target links for neuroprotection. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are an evolutionarily integral part of the functioning of all cells acting as intracellular chaperones that support cell proteostasis under normal and various stress conditions (hyperthermia, hypoxia, oxidative stress, radiation, etc.). The greatest curiosity in conditions of ischemic brain damage is the HSP70 protein, as an important component of the endogenous neuroprotection system, which, first of all, performs the function of intracellular chaperones and ensures the processes of folding, holding and transport of synthesized proteins, as well as their degradation, both under normoxic conditions and stress-induced denaturation. A direct neuroprotective effect of HSP70 has been established, which is realized through the regulation the processes of apoptosis and cell necrosis due to a long-term effect on the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, chaperone activity, and stabilization of active enzymes. An increase in the level of HSP70 leads to the normalization of the glutathione link of the thiol-disulfide system and an increase in the resistance of cells to ischemia. HSP 70 is able to activate and regulate compensatory ATP synthesis pathways during ischemia. It was found that in response to the cerebral ischemia formation, HIF-1a is expressed, which initiates the launch of compensatory mechanisms for energy production. Subsequently, the regulation of these processes switches to HSP70, which “prolongs” the action of HIF-1a, and also independently maintains the expression of mitochondrial NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase activity, thereby maintaining the activity of the malate-aspartate shuttle mechanism for a long time. During ischemia of organs and tissues, HSP70 performs a protective function, which is realized through increased synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, stabilization of oxidatively damaged macromolecules, and direct anti-apoptotic and mitoprotective action. Such a role of these proteins in cellular reactions during ischemia raises the question of the development of new neuroprotective agents which are able to provide modulation/protection of the genes encoding the synthesis of HSP 70 and HIF-1a proteins. Numerous studies of recent years have noted the important role of HSP70 in the implementation of the mechanisms of metabolic adaptation, neuroplasticity and neuroprotection of brain cells, so the positive modulation of the HSP70 system is a perspective concept of neuroprotection, which can improve the efficiency of the treatment of ischemic-hypoxic brain damage and be the basis for substantiating of the feasibility of using of HSP70 modulators as promising neuroprotectors

ЭПИЗООТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ АМФИКОТИЛИДОЗА РЫБ В ВОДОЕМАХ БАССЕЙНА РЕКИ ТЕРЕК

Amphykotilidosis in fish in the North Caucasus region belongs to the rare infection and is being transmitted by fish juveniles during recreational activities. 2 types of Amphicotylidae Ariola, 1899 were detected in trout, barbel, riffle minnow, mudfish, and bleak in the basin of the Terek River. The criteria of intensive and extensive invasions for riffle minnow fish juveniles and adults in rivers were 1, 0 – 5, 0%, the intensity of invasion (II) – 3, 0 – 13, 0 expl./ ind. Materials and methods. Research was conducted in rivers Terek, Malka, Baksan, Cherek, and Chegem. We used the Skryabin K.I. method of complete helminthological autopsy (modified by V.A. Dogel in 1970 for examination of fish). During the working period 100 individuals of each species (trout, barbel, riffle minnow mudfish, bleak) were examined. Research results: Fish amphykotilidosis belongs to rare infection diseases and is being transmitted by fish juveniles during recreational activities. Based on parasitological examinations of trout, barbel, riffle minnow, mudfish, and bleak in the basin of the Terek River 2 types of Amphicotylidae Ariola, 1899 with slight intensity and extensity of invasion were determined.Амфикотилидоз рыб в регионе Северного Кавказа относится к редким инвазиям и занесен с мальками в период рекреационных мероприятий. У форели, усача, быстрянки, щиповки, уклейки в бассейне р. Терек определены 2 вида сем. Amphicotylidae Ariola, 1899. У восточной быстрянки критерии экстенс – и интенсинвазированности молоди и взрослых рыб в реках составили 1,0 - 5,0%, ИИ - 3,0 - 13,0 экз./особь. Материалы и методы. Исследования проводились в реках Терек, Малка, Баксан, Черек, Чегем и Малка. При этом использовался метод полного паразитологического вскры-тия рыб по К.И. Скрябину, модифицированный для рыб В.А. Догелем (1970). За период работы исследовано по 100 шт. форели, усача, быстрянки, щиповки, уклейки. Результаты исследований: амфикотилидоз рыб относится к редким инвазиям и занесен с мальками в период рекреационных мероприятий. При паразитологических исследованиях форели, усача, быстрянки, щиповки, уклейки форели в бассейне р. Терек определены 2 вида сем. Amphicotylidae Ariola, 1899 со значениями слабой экстенсивности и интенсивности инвазии

Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

The Pontocaspian (Black Sea - Caspian Sea) region has a very dynamic history of basin development and biotic evolution. The region is the remnant of a once vast Paratethys Sea. It contains some of the best Eurasian geological records of tectonic, climatic and paleoenvironmental change. The Pliocene-Quaternary co-evolution of the Black Sea-Caspian Sea is dominated by major changes in water (lake and sea) levels resulting in a pulsating system of connected and isolated basins. Understanding the history of the region, including the drivers of lake level and faunal evolution, is hampered by indistinct stratigraphic nomenclature and contradicting time constraints for regional sedimentary successions. In this paper we review and update the late Pliocene to Quaternary stratigraphic framework of the Pontocaspian domain, focusing on the Black Sea Basin, Caspian Basin, Marmara Sea and the terrestrial environments surrounding these large, mostly endorheic lake-sea systems

Hydrodynamic slip can align thin nanoplatelets in shear flow

The large-scale processing of nanomaterials such as graphene and MoS2 relies on understanding the flow behaviour of nanometrically-thin platelets suspended in liquids. Here we show, by combining non-equilibrium molecular dynamics and continuum simulations, that rigid nanoplatelets can attain a stable orientation for sufficiently strong flows. Such a stable orientation is in contradiction with the rotational motion predicted by classical colloidal hydrodynamics. This surprising effect is due to hydrodynamic slip at the liquid-solid interface and occurs when the slip length is larger than the platelet thickness; a slip length of a few nanometers may be sufficient to observe alignment. The predictions we developed by examining pure and surface-modified graphene is applicable to different solvent/2D material combinations. The emergence of a fixed orientation in a direction nearly parallel to the flow implies a slip-dependent change in several macroscopic transport properties, with potential impact on applications ranging from functional inks to nanocomposites.Energy Technolog

A chromosome conformation capture ordered sequence of the barley genome

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COVID-19 infection in adult patients with hematological malignancies: a European Hematology Association Survey (EPICOVIDEHA)

Background: Patients with hematological malignancies (HM) are at high risk of mortality from SARS-CoV-2 disease 2019 (COVID-19). A better understanding of risk factors for adverse outcomes may improve clinical management in these patients. We therefore studied baseline characteristics of HM patients developing COVID-19 and analyzed predictors of mortality. Methods: The survey was supported by the Scientific Working Group Infection in Hematology of the European Hematology Association (EHA). Eligible for the analysis were adult patients with HM and laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 observed between March and December 2020. Results: The study sample includes 3801 cases, represented by lymphoproliferative (mainly non-Hodgkin lymphoma n = 1084, myeloma n = 684 and chronic lymphoid leukemia n = 474) and myeloproliferative malignancies (mainly acute myeloid leukemia n = 497 and myelodysplastic syndromes n = 279). Severe/critical COVID-19 was observed in 63.8% of patients (n = 2425). Overall, 2778 (73.1%) of the patients were hospitalized, 689 (18.1%) of whom were admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). Overall, 1185 patients (31.2%) died. The primary cause of death was COVID-19 in 688 patients (58.1%), HM in 173 patients (14.6%), and a combination of both COVID-19 and progressing HM in 155 patients (13.1%). Highest mortality was observed in acute myeloid leukemia (199/497, 40%) and myelodysplastic syndromes (118/279, 42.3%). The mortality rate significantly decreased between the first COVID-19 wave (March–May 2020) and the second wave (October–December 2020) (581/1427, 40.7% vs. 439/1773, 24.8%, p value < 0.0001). In the multivariable analysis, age, active malignancy, chronic cardiac disease, liver disease, renal impairment, smoking history, and ICU stay correlated with mortality. Acute myeloid leukemia was a higher mortality risk than lymphoproliferative diseases. Conclusions: This survey confirms that COVID-19 patients with HM are at high risk of lethal complications. However, improved COVID-19 prevention has reduced mortality despite an increase in the number of reported cases.EPICOVIDEHA has received funds from Optics COMMITTM (COVID-19 Unmet Medical Needs and Associated Research Extension) COVID-19 RFP program by GILEAD Science, United States (Project 2020-8223)

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative sars-cov-2 infection: An international cohort study

Background The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (740%) had emergency surgery and 280 (248%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (261%) patients. 30-day mortality was 238% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (512%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 380% (219 of 577), accounting for 817% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 175 [95% CI 128-240], p&lt;00001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (230 [165-322], p&lt;00001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3-5 versus grades 1-2 (235 [157-353], p&lt;00001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (155 [101-239], p=0046), emergency versus elective surgery (167 [106-263], p=0026), and major versus minor surgery (152 [101-231], p=0047). Interpretation Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Elective Cancer Surgery in COVID-19-Free Surgical Pathways During the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: An International, Multicenter, Comparative Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: As cancer surgery restarts after the first COVID-19 wave, health care providers urgently require data to determine where elective surgery is best performed. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19-free surgical pathways were associated with lower postoperative pulmonary complication rates compared with hospitals with no defined pathway. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter cohort study included patients who underwent elective surgery for 10 solid cancer types without preoperative suspicion of SARS-CoV-2. Participating hospitals included patients from local emergence of SARS-CoV-2 until April 19, 2020. At the time of surgery, hospitals were defined as having a COVID-19-free surgical pathway (complete segregation of the operating theater, critical care, and inpatient ward areas) or no defined pathway (incomplete or no segregation, areas shared with patients with COVID-19). The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, unexpected ventilation). RESULTS: Of 9,171 patients from 447 hospitals in 55 countries, 2,481 were operated on in COVID-19-free surgical pathways. Patients who underwent surgery within COVID-19-free surgical pathways were younger with fewer comorbidities than those in hospitals with no defined pathway but with similar proportions of major surgery. After adjustment, pulmonary complication rates were lower with COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.2% v 4.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.86). This was consistent in sensitivity analyses for low-risk patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists grade 1/2), propensity score-matched models, and patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 preoperative tests. The postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was also lower in COVID-19-free surgical pathways (2.1% v 3.6%; aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: Within available resources, dedicated COVID-19-free surgical pathways should be established to provide safe elective cancer surgery during current and before future SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks