5 research outputs found
On the Class of Einstein Exponential-Type Finsler Metrics
In this paper, a special class of Finsler metrics, the so-called (α, β)- metrics, which are defined by F = αφ(s), where α is a Riemannian metric and β is a 1-form, is studied. First we show that the class of almost regular metrics obtained by Shen is Einstein if and only if it reduces to the class of Berwald metrics. In this case, the Riemannian metrics are Ricci-flat. Then we prove that an exponential metric is Einstein if and only if it is Ricci-flat.У статтi вивчається спецiальний клас фiнслерових метрик, що називаються (α, β)-метриками, якi визначаються формулою F = F = αφ(s), де α - рiманова метрика, а β - 1-форма. Спочатку ми показуємо, що клас майже регулярних метрик, отриманий Шеном, є ейнштейновим тодi i тiльки тодi, коли вiн зводиться до класу метрик Бервальда. В цьому випадку метрики є Рiччi-пласкими. Потiм ми доводимо, що експоненцiальна метрика є ейнштейновою тодi i тiльки тодi, коли вона Рiччi-пласка
The political, research, programmatic, and social responses to adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights in the 25 years since the International Conference on Population and Development
Among the ground-breaking achievements of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) was its call to place adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) on global health and development agendas. This article reviews progressmade in low- and middle-income countries in the 25 years since the ICPD in six areas central to ASRH-adolescent pregnancy, HIV, child marriage, violence against women and girls, female genital mutilation, and menstrual hygiene and health. It also examines the ICPD's contribution to the progress made. The article presents epidemiologic levels and trends; political, research, programmatic and social responses; and factors that helped or hindered progress. To do so, it draws on research evidence and programmatic experience and the expertise and experiences of a wide number of individuals, including youth leaders, in numerous countries and organizations. Overall, looking across the six health topics over a 25-year trajectory, there has been great progress at the global and regional levels in putting adolescent health, and especially adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights, higher on the agenda, raising investment in this area, building the epidemiologic and evidence-base, and setting norms to guide investment and action. At the national level, too, there has been progress in formulating laws and policies, developing strategies and programs and executing them, and engaging communities and societies in moving the agenda forward. Still, progress has been uneven across issues and geography. Furthermore, it has raced ahead sometimes and has stalled at others. The ICPD's Plan of Action contributed to the progress made in ASRH not just because of its bold call in 1994 but also because it provided a springboard for advocacy, investment, action, and research that remains important to this day. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine