Mrs. Trollope\u27s American Novels

Frances Milton Trollope (1779-1863) was one of the most popular novelists and travel writers of her generation. Her visit to the United States (1827-32) provided her with material for her first and most famous book, Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832), and for four novels set in America (The Refugee in America, 1832; Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw, 1836; The Barnabys in America, 1842; and The Old World and the New, 1849). This study treats all four American novels, examining them against a background of other travellers\u27 accounts and against other fiction of the early nineteenth century in order to show how Mrs. Trollope fictionalized her experiences, partly in an attempt to conform to the political and aesthetic values of her contemporaries and partly to reflect her own, less conventional, outlook

The United States and democracy promotion in Iraq and Lebanon in the aftermath of the events of 9/11 and the 2003 Iraq War

This thesis features two case studies exploring the George W. Bush Administration’s (2001 – 2009) efforts to promote democracy in the Arab world, following military occupation in Iraq, and through ‘democracy support’ or ‘democracy assistance’ in Lebanon. While reviewing well rehearsed arguments that emphasise the inappropriateness of the methods employed to promote Western liberal democracy in Middle East countries and the difficulties in the way of democracy being fostered by foreign powers, it focuses on two factors that also contributed to derailing the U.S.’s plans to introduce ‘Western style’ liberal democracy to Iraq and Lebanon. The first is the adverse impact upon the U.S.’s efforts to foster democracy in Iraq caused by bureaucratic in-fighting and conflicting U.S. agency agendas. The argument is that the internecine struggles between competing U.S. agencies, not only in the build-up to the invasion of Iraq, but also during the post-war occupation of that country, helped to undermine the Bush Administration’s policy there. In Lebanon the study shows that, notwithstanding the non-military approach the Bush Administration pursued there, its efforts again still fell short of the grand rhetoric which accompanied the shift in U.S. foreign policy toward democracy promotion in the aftermath of 9/11 and the 2003 Iraq war. The second factor put forward in this study as also significant in the failure of the Bush enterprise is the widespread suspicion of U.S. motives across Iraq, Lebanon and the wider Arab world. The thesis argues that such suspicions are reflective of the broader issues of credibility and trust which have bedevilled U.S. democracy promotion. The analysis to follow will show how Bush’s democracy campaign was compromised by a prevalent anti-American sentiment borne out of the deep and pervasive suspicions of U.S. motives

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

LEGITIMATING THE SIERRA LEONE POLICE POLITICS, CORRUPTION, AND PUBLIC TRUST

There are considerable variations in the level of trust and legitimacy of the police among the citizenry in different countries for a host of factors. The purpose of the current study is to determine how citizens' perception of the level of corruption and politics within the Sierra Leone police influences citizens' levels of trust and legitimacy of the police in Sierra Leone. The present study utilizes quantitative and qualitative data collected from Sierra Leone to test the following hypotheses: 1) Perceptions of police corruption will reduce public trust in the police in Sierra Leone; 2) Perceptions of corruption will reduce legitimacy of the police among the citizenry in Sierra Leone; 3) Perceptions of political interference in police operations will reduce public trust in the police in Sierra Leone; 4) Perceptions of political interference in police operations will reduce the legitimacy of the police among the citizenry in Sierra Leone.A total sample size of 800 respondents was selected from the 2004 Population and Housing Census of Sierra Leone. Freetown (study area) had approximately 800,000 people. The response rate was 70 percent as a total of 560 individuals actually consented to participate in the study and answered the questions on the questionnaire. The study was conducted from February 28th, 2014 through April 27th, 2014. The unit of analysis was at the individual level and the Ordinal Logistic Regression Model was used to analyze the data The findings of the current study provide empirical support for two research hypotheses. That is, "Perceptions of police corruption will reduce public trust in the police in Sierra Leone" and "Perceptions of police corruption will reduce the legitimacy of the police among the citizenry in Sierra Leone". A statistically significant negative relationship was found to exist between corruption and legitimacy, and that of public trust. Thus, as corruption increases, public trust in the police decreases, and legitimacy of the police also decreases. Two hypotheses were not confirmed by the analysis of the data. Perceived political interference in the work of the police were not significantly related to levels of trust and legitimacy in the police. Two of the control variables were also found to be strong predictors of police legitimacy: that is the age and education variables. With regards to age, older people are more likely to view the police as legitimate. For the education variable, individuals with less than senior high school, and senior high school were more likely to view the police as legitimate compared to those with above high school education. Two control variables were also found to be strong predictors of public trust, that is, annual income and age. As annual income increases public trust of the police also increases. Similarly, as age increases, public trust also increases. Policy implications and recommendations are discussed

The Masculinity and femininity in the story of the (broken wings)for Jubran Khalil Jubran and his narrative essays a study in the light of cultural criticism الذكورة والأنوثة في قصة ( الأجنحة المتكسرة ) لجبران خليل جبران ومقالاته السرية دراسة في ضوء النقد الثقافي

Research Summary in English This research deals with the subject of masculinity and femininity in the unfinished Gibran literary This has been reflected in the adoption of Gubran marginalized women's issues in society, and called for equality with men in rights and duties, and selected a suitable husband has denounced Guran marriage of coercion and blessed marriage based on pure love and highlighted the oppression and exclusion and oppression against women by religious and political authorities Christian towns, it has been Gibran refuse that women are a commodity bought and sold and suppress wil