Filtering of Defects in Semipolar (11−22) GaN Using 2-Steps Lateral Epitaxial Overgrowth

Good-quality (11−22) semipolar GaN sample was obtained using epitaxial lateral overgrowth. The growth conditions were chosen to enhance the growth rate along the [0001] inclined direction. Thus, the coalescence boundaries stop the propagation of basal stacking faults. The faults filtering and the improvement of the crystalline quality were attested by transmission electron microscopy and low temperature photoluminescence. The temperature dependence of the luminescence polarization under normal incidence was also studied

Effect of Piezoelectric Polarization on Phonon group velocity in Wurtzite Nitrides

We have investigated the effect of piezoelectric (PZ) polarization property on group velocity of phonons in binary as well as in ternary wurtzite nitrides. It is found that with the presence of PZ polarization property, the phonon group velocity is modified. The change in phonon group velocity due to PZ polarization effect directly depends on piezoelectric tensor value. Using different piezoelectric tensor values recommended by different workers in the literature, percent change in group velocities of phonons has been estimated. The Debye temperatures and frequencies of binary nitrides GaN, AlN and InN are also calculated using the modified group velocities. For ternary nitrides AlxGa(1-x)N, InxGa(1-x)N and InxAl(1-x)N, the phonon group velocities have been calculated as a functions of composition. A small positive bowing is observed in phonon group velocities of ternary alloys. Percent variations in phonon group velocities are also calculated for a straightforward comparison among ternary nitrides. The results are expected to show a change in phonon relaxation rates and thermal conductivity of III-nitrides when piezoelectric polarization property is taken into account.Comment: 05 figures; Journal of Material science, 201

Intermediate DNA methylation is a conserved signature of genome regulation

The role of intermediate methylation states in DNA is unclear. Here, to comprehensively identify regions of intermediate methylation and their quantitative relationship with gene activity, we apply integrative and comparative epigenomics to 25 human primary cell and tissue samples. We report 18,452 intermediate methylation regions located near 36 of genes and enriched at enhancers, exons and DNase I hypersensitivity sites. Intermediate methylation regions average 57 methylation, are predominantly allele-independent and are conserved across individuals and between mouse and human, suggesting a conserved function. These regions have an intermediate level of active chromatin marks and their associated genes have intermediate transcriptional activity. Exonic intermediate methylation correlates with exon inclusion at a level between that of fully methylated and unmethylated exons, highlighting gene context-dependent functions. We conclude that intermediate DNA methylation is a conserved signature of gene regulation and exon usage

Non-destructive detection of cross-sectional strain and defect structure in an individual Ag five-fold twinned nanowire by 3D electron diffraction mapping

Coherent x-ray diffraction investigations on Ag five-fold twinned nanowires (FTNWs) have drawn controversial conclusions concerning whether the intrinsic 7.35° angular gap could be compensated homogeneously through phase transformation or inhomogeneously by forming disclination strain field. In those studies, the x-ray techniques only provided an ensemble average of the structural information from all the Ag nanowires. Here, using three-dimensional (3D) electron diffraction mapping approach, we non-destructively explore the cross-sectional strain and the related strain-relief defect structures of an individual Ag FTNW with diameter about 30 nm. The quantitative analysis of the fine structure of intensity distribution combining with kinematic electron diffraction simulation confirms that for such a Ag FTNW, the intrinsic 7.35° angular deficiency results in an inhomogeneous strain field within each single crystalline segment consistent with the disclination model of stress-relief. Moreover, the five crystalline segments are found to be strained differently. Modeling analysis in combination with system energy calculation further indicates that the elastic strain energy within some crystalline segments, could be partially relieved by the creation of stacking fault layers near the twin boundaries. Our study demonstrates that 3D electron diffraction mapping is a powerful tool for the cross-sectional strain analysis of complex 1D nanostructures

Jet energy measurement with the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at root s=7 TeV

The jet energy scale and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 38 pb-1. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameters R=0. 4 or R=0. 6. Jet energy and angle corrections are determined from Monte Carlo simulations to calibrate jets with transverse momenta pT≥20 GeV and pseudorapidities {pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy systematic uncertainty is estimated using the single isolated hadron response measured in situ and in test-beams, exploiting the transverse momentum balance between central and forward jets in events with dijet topologies and studying systematic variations in Monte Carlo simulations. The jet energy uncertainty is less than 2. 5 % in the central calorimeter region ({pipe}η{pipe}<0. 8) for jets with 60≤pT<800 GeV, and is maximally 14 % for pT<30 GeV in the most forward region 3. 2≤{pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy is validated for jet transverse momenta up to 1 TeV to the level of a few percent using several in situ techniques by comparing a well-known reference such as the recoiling photon pT, the sum of the transverse momenta of tracks associated to the jet, or a system of low-pT jets recoiling against a high-pT jet. More sophisticated jet calibration schemes are presented based on calorimeter cell energy density weighting or hadronic properties of jets, aiming for an improved jet energy resolution and a reduced flavour dependence of the jet response. The systematic uncertainty of the jet energy determined from a combination of in situ techniques is consistent with the one derived from single hadron response measurements over a wide kinematic range. The nominal corrections and uncertainties are derived for isolated jets in an inclusive sample of high-pT jets. Special cases such as event topologies with close-by jets, or selections of samples with an enhanced content of jets originating from light quarks, heavy quarks or gluons are also discussed and the corresponding uncertainties are determined. © 2013 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration

Measurement of the inclusive and dijet cross-sections of b-jets in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The inclusive and dijet production cross-sections have been measured for jets containing b-hadrons (b-jets) in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV, using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements use data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34 pb^-1. The b-jets are identified using either a lifetime-based method, where secondary decay vertices of b-hadrons in jets are reconstructed using information from the tracking detectors, or a muon-based method where the presence of a muon is used to identify semileptonic decays of b-hadrons inside jets. The inclusive b-jet cross-section is measured as a function of transverse momentum in the range 20 < pT < 400 GeV and rapidity in the range |y| < 2.1. The bbbar-dijet cross-section is measured as a function of the dijet invariant mass in the range 110 < m_jj < 760 GeV, the azimuthal angle difference between the two jets and the angular variable chi in two dijet mass regions. The results are compared with next-to-leading-order QCD predictions. Good agreement is observed between the measured cross-sections and the predictions obtained using POWHEG + Pythia. MC@NLO + Herwig shows good agreement with the measured bbbar-dijet cross-section. However, it does not reproduce the measured inclusive cross-section well, particularly for central b-jets with large transverse momenta.Comment: 10 pages plus author list (21 pages total), 8 figures, 1 table, final version published in European Physical Journal

Efficacy of a training intervention on the quality of practitioners' decision support for patients deciding about place of care at the end of life: A randomized control trial: Study protocol

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Most people prefer home palliation but die in an institution. Some experience decisional conflict when weighing options regarding place of care. Clinicians can identify patients' decisional needs and provide decision support, yet generally lack skills and confidence in doing so. This study aims to determine whether the quality of clinicians' decision support can be improved with a brief, theory-based, skills-building intervention.</p> <p>Theory</p> <p>The Ottawa Decision Support Framework (ODSF) guides an evidence based, practical approach to assist clinicians in providing high-quality decision support. The ODSF proposes that decisional needs [personal uncertainty, knowledge, values clarity, support, personal characteristics] strongly influence the quality of decisions patients make. Clinicians can improve decision quality by providing decision support to address decisional needs [clarify decisional needs, provide facts and probabilities, clarify values, support/guide deliberation, monitor/facilitate progress].</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>The efficacy of a brief education intervention will be assessed in a two-phase study. In phase one a focused needs assessment will be conducted with key informants. Phase two is a randomized control trial where clinicians will be randomly allocated to an intervention or control group. The intervention, informed by the needs assessment, knowledge transfer best practices and the ODSF, comprises an online tutorial; an interactive skills building workshop; a decision support protocol; performance feedback, and educational outreach. Participants will be assessed: a) at baseline (quality of decision support); b) after the tutorial (knowledge); and c) four weeks after the other interventions (quality of decision support, intention to incorporate decision support into practice and perceived usefulness of intervention components). Between group differences in the primary outcome (quality of decision support scores) will be analyzed using ANOVA.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Few studies have investigated the efficacy of an evidence-based, theory guided intervention aimed at assisting clinicians to strengthen their patient decision support skills. Expanding our understanding of how clinicians can best support palliative patients' decision-making will help to inform best practices in patient-centered palliative care. There is potential transferability of lessons learned to other care situations such as chronic condition management, advance directives and anticipatory care planning. Should the efficacy evaluation reveal clear improvements in the quality of decision support provided by clinicians who received the intervention, a larger scale implementation and effectiveness trial will be considered.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>This study is registered as NCT00614003</p

The Crest Phenotype in Chicken Is Associated with Ectopic Expression of HOXC8 in Cranial Skin

The Crest phenotype is characterised by a tuft of elongated feathers atop the head. A similar phenotype is also seen in several wild bird species. Crest shows an autosomal incompletely dominant mode of inheritance and is associated with cerebral hernia. Here we show, using linkage analysis and genome-wide association, that Crest is located on the E22C19W28 linkage group and that it shows complete association to the HOXC-cluster on this chromosome. Expression analysis of tissues from Crested and non-crested chickens, representing 26 different breeds, revealed that HOXC8, but not HOXC12 or HOXC13, showed ectopic expression in cranial skin during embryonic development. We propose that Crest is caused by a cis-acting regulatory mutation underlying the ectopic expression of HOXC8. However, the identification of the causative mutation(s) has to await until a method becomes available for assembling this chromosomal region. Crest is unfortunately located in a genomic region that has so far defied all attempts to establish a contiguous sequence

Multiphysics and Thermodynamic Formulations for Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium Interactions: Non-linear Finite Elements Applied to Multi-coupled Active Materials

[EN] Combining several theories this paper presents a general multiphysics framework applied to the study of coupled and active materials, considering mechanical, electric, magnetic and thermal fields. The framework is based on thermodynamic equilibrium and non-equilibrium interactions, both linked by a two-temperature model. The multi-coupled governing equations are obtained from energy, momentum and entropy balances; the total energy is the sum of thermal, mechanical and electromagnetic parts. The momentum balance considers mechanical plus electromagnetic balances; for the latter the Abraham rep- resentation using the Maxwell stress tensor is formulated. This tensor is manipulated to automatically fulfill the angular momentum balance. The entropy balance is for- mulated using the classical Gibbs equation for equilibrium interactions and non-equilibrium thermodynamics. For the non-linear finite element formulations, this equation requires the transformation of thermoelectric coupling and conductivities into tensorial form. The two-way thermoe- lastic Biot term introduces damping: thermomechanical, pyromagnetic and pyroelectric converse electromagnetic dynamic interactions. Ponderomotrix and electromagnetic forces are also considered. The governing equations are converted into a variational formulation with the resulting four-field, multi-coupled formalism implemented and val- idated with two custom-made finite elements in the research code FEAP. Standard first-order isoparametric eight-node elements with seven degrees of freedom (dof) per node (three displacements, voltage and magnetic scalar potentials plus two temperatures) are used. Non-linearities and dynamics are solved with Newton-Raphson and New- mark-b algorithms, respectively. Results of thermoelectric, thermoelastic, thermomagnetic, piezoelectric, piezomag- netic, pyroelectric, pyromagnetic and galvanomagnetic interactions are presented, including non-linear depen- dency on temperature and some second-order interactions.This research was partially supported by grants CSD2008-00037 Canfranc Underground Physics, Polytechnic University of Valencia under programs PAID 02-11-1828 and 05-10-2674. The first author used the grant Generalitat Valenciana BEST/2014/232 for the completion of this work.Pérez-Aparicio, JL.; Palma, R.; Taylor, R. (2016). Multiphysics and Thermodynamic Formulations for Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium Interactions: Non-linear Finite Elements Applied to Multi-coupled Active Materials. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering. 23:535-583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-015-9149-9S53558323Abraham M (1910) Sull’elettrodinamica di Minkowski. Rend Circ Mat 30:33–46Allik H, Hughes TJR (1970) Finite elment method for piezoelectric vibration. Int J Numer Methods Eng 2:151–157Antonova EE, Looman DC (2005) Finite elements for thermoelectric device analysis in ANSYS. In: International conference on thermoelectricsAtulasimha J, Flatau AB (2011) A review of magnetostrictive iron–gallium alloys. Smart Mater Struct 20:1–15Ballato A (1995) Piezoelectricity: old effect, new thrusts. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 42(5):916–926Baoyuan S, Jiantong W, Jun Z, Min Q (2003) A new model describing physical effects in crystals: the diagrammatic and analytic methods for macro-phenomenological theory. J Mater Process Technol 139:444–447Bargmann S, Steinmann P (2005) Finite element approaches to non-classical heat conduction in solids. Comput Model Eng Sci 9(2):133–150Bargmann S, Steinmann P (2006) Theoretical and computational aspects of non-classical thermoelasticity. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 196:516–527Bargmann S, Steinmann P (2008) Modeling and simulation of first and second sound in solids. Int J Solids Struct 45:6067–6073Barnett SM (2010) Resolution of the Abraham–Minkowski dilemma. Phys Rev Lett 104:070401Benbouzid MH, Meunier G, Meunier G (1995) Dynamic modelling of giant magnetostriction in Terfenol-D rods by the finite element method. IEEE Trans Magn 31(3):1821–1824Benbouzid MH, Reyne G, Meunier G (1993) Nonlinear finite element modelling of giant magnetostriction. IEEE Trans Magn 29(6):2467–2469Benbouzid MH, Reyne G, Meunier G (1995) Finite elment modelling of magnetostrictive devices: investigations for the design of the magnetic circuit. IEEE Trans Magn 31(3):1813–1816Besbes M, Ren Z, Razek A (1996) Finite element analysis of magneto-mechanical coupled phenomena in magnetostrictive materials. IEEE Trans Magn 32(3):1058–1061Biot MA (1956) Thermoelasticity and irreversible thermodynamics. J Appl Phys 27(3):240–253Bisio G, Cartesegna M, Rubatto G (2001) Thermodynamic analysis of elastic systems. Energy Convers Manag 42:799–812Blun SL (1974) Materials for radiation detection. National Academy of Sciences, WashingtonBonet J, Wood RD (1997) Nonlinear continuum mechanics for finite element analysis. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeBorovik-Romanov AS (1960) Piezomagnetism in the antiferromagnetic fluorides of cobalt and manganese. Sov Phys 11:786Bowyer P (2005) The momentum of light in media: the Abraham–Minkowski controversy. http://bit.ly/1M7wyATBrauer JR, Ruehl JJ, MacNeal BE, Hirtenfelder F (1995) Finite element analysis of Hall effect and magnetoresistance. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 42(2):328–333Bustamante R, Dorfmann A, Ogden RW (2009) On electric body forces and Maxwell stresses in nonlinearly electroelastic solids. Int J Eng Sci 47:1131–1141Callen HB (1948) The application of Onsager’s reciprocal relations to thermoelectric, thermomagnetic, and galvanomagnetic effects. Phys Rev 73(11):1349–1358Callen HB (1985) Thermodynamics and an introduction to thermostatistics. Wiley, New YorkCarter JP, Booker JR (1989) Finite element analysis of coupled thermoelasticity. Comput Struct 31(1):73–80Cattaneo C (1938) Sulla conduzione del calore. Atti Semin Mat Fis Univ Modena 3:83–1013Chaplik AV (2000) Some exact solutions for the classical Hall effect in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. JETP Lett 72:503Chen PJ, Gurtin ME (1968) On a theory of heat conduction involving two temperatures. J Z Angew Math Phys ZAMP 19(4):614–627Chu LJ, Haus HA, Penfield P (1966) The force density in polarizable and magnetizable fluids. In: Proceedings of the IEEEClin Th, Turenne S, Vasilevskiy D, Masut RA (2009) Numerical simulation of the thermomechanical behavior of extruded bismuth telluride alloy module. J Electron Mater 38(7):994–1001Coleman BD (1964) Thermodynamics of materials with memory. Arch Ration Mech Anal 17:1–46de Groot SR (1961) Non-equilibrium themodynamics of systems in an electromagnetic field. J Nucl Energy C Plasma Phys 2:188–194de Groot SR, Mazur P (1984) Non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Dover, MineolaDebye P (1913) On the theory of anomalous dispersion in the region of long-wave electromagnetic radiation. Verh dtsch phys Ges 15:777–793del Castillo LF, García-Colín LS (1986) Thermodynamic basis for dielectric relaxation in complex materials. Phys Rev B 33(7):4944–4951Delves RT (1964) Figure of merit for Ettingshausen cooling. Br J Appl Phys 15:105–106Dorf RC (1997) The electrical engineering handbook. CRC Press, UKEarle R, Richards JFC (1956) Theophrastus: on stones. Ohio State University, ColumbusEbling D, Jaegle M, Bartel M, Jacquot A, Bottner H (2009) Multiphysics simulation of thermoelectric systems for comparison with experimental device performance. J Electron Mater 38(7):1456–1461El-Karamany AS, Ezzat MA (2011) On the two-temperature Green–Naghdi thermoelasticity theories. J Therm Stress 34:1207–1226Eringen AC (1980) Mechanics of continua. Robert E Krieger, MalabarEringen AC, Maugin GA (1990) Electrodynamics of continua I. Springer, New YorkErsoy Y (1984) A new nonlinear constitutive theory for conducting magnetothermoelastic solids. Int J Eng Sci 22(6):683–705Ersoy Y (1986) A new nonlinear constitutive theory of electric and heat conductions for magnetoelastothermo-electrical anisotropic solids. Int J Eng Sci 24(6):867–882Ferrari A, Mittica A (2013) Thermodynamic formulation of the constitutive equations for solids and fluids. Energy Convers Manag 66:77–86Galushko D, Ermakov N, Karpovski M, Palevski A, Ishay JS, Bergman DJ (2005) Electrical, thermoelectric and thermophysical properties of hornet cuticle. Semicond Sci Technol 20:286–289Gao JL, Du QG, Zhang XD, Jiang XQ (2011) Thermal stress analysis and structure parameter selection for a Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric module. J Electron Mater 40(5):884–888Gaudenzi P, Bathe KJ (1995) An iterative finite element procedure for the analysis of piezoelectric continua. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 6:266–273Gavela D, Pérez-Aparicio JL (1998) Peltier pellet analysis with a coupled, non-linear 3D finite element model. In: 4th European workshop on thermoelectricsGoudreau GL, Taylor RL (1972) Evaluation of numerical integration methods in elastodynamics. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 2:69–97Griffiths DJ (1999) Introduction to electrodynamics. Prentice-Hall Inc, Upper Saddle RiverGros L, Reyne G, Body C, Meunier G (1998) Strong coupling magneto mechanical methods applied to model heavy magnetostrictive actuators. IEEE Trans Magn 34(5):3150–3153Gurtin ME, Williams WO (1966) On the Clausius–Duhem inequality. J Z Angew Math Phys ZAMP 17(5):626–633Hamader VM, Patil TA, Chovan SH (1987) Free vibration response of two-dimensional magneto-electro-elastic laminated plates. Build Mater Sci 9:249–253Hausler C, Milde G, Balke H, Bahr HA, Gerlach G (2001) 3-D modeling of pyroelectric sensor arrays part I: multiphysics finite-element simulation. IEEE Sens J 8(12):2080–2087He Y (2004) Heat capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion of barium titanate-based ceramics. Thermochimica 419:135–141Hernández-Lemus E, Orgaz E (2002) Hysteresis in nonequilibrium steady states: the role of dissipative couplings. Rev Mex Fís 48:38–45Hinds EA (2009) Momentum exchange between light and a single atom: Abraham or Minkowski? Phys Rev Lett 102:050403Hirsinger L, Billardon R (1995) Magneto-elastic finite element analysis including magnetic forces and magnetostriction effects. IEEE Trans Magn 31(3):1877–1880Huang MJ, Chou PK, Lin MC (2008) An investigation of the thermal stresses induced in a thin-film thermoelectric cooler. J Therm Stress 31:438–454IEEE Standards Board (1988) IEEE standard on piezoelectricity. ANSI/IEEE Std 176-1987. doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.1988.79638IEEE Standards Board (1991) IEEE standard on magnetostrictive materials: piezomagnetic nomenclature. IEEE Std 319-1990. doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.1991.101048Ioffe Institute (2013) INSb—indium antimonide. Ioffe Institute. www.ioffe.rssi.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/InSb/index.htmlJackson JD (1962) Classical electrodynamics. Wiley, New YorkJaegle M (2008) Multiphysics simulation of thermoelectric systems—modeling of Peltier—cooling and thermoelectric generation. In: Proceedings of the COMSOLJaegle M, Bartel M, Ebling D, Jacquot A, Bottner H (2008) Multiphysics simulation of thermoelectric systems. In: European conference on thermoelectrics ECT2008Jiménez JL, Campos I (1996) Advanced electromagnetism: foundations, theory and applications, chapter The balance equations of energy and momentum in classical electrodynamics. World Scientific Publishing, SingaporeJohnstone S (2008) Is there potential for use of the Hall effect in analytical science? Analyst 133:293–296Jou D, Lebon G (1996) Extended irreversible thermodynamics. Springer, BerlinKaltenbacher M, Kaltenbacher B, Hegewald T, Lerch R (2010) Finite element formulation for ferroelectric hysteresis of piezoelectric materials. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 21:773–785Kaltenbacher M, Meiler M, Ertl M (2009) Physical modeling and numerical computation of magnetostriction. Int J Comput Math Electr Electron Eng 28(4):819–832Kamlah M, Bohle U (2001) Finite element analysis of piezoceramic components taking into account ferroelectric hysteresis behavior. Int J Solids Struct 38:605–633Kannan KS, Dasgupta A (1997) A nonlinear Galerkin finite-element theory for modeling magnetostrictive smart structures. Smart Mater Struct 6:341–350Kiang J, Tong L (2010) Nonlinear magneto-mechanical finite element analysis of Ni–Mn–Ga single crystals. Smart Mater Struct 19:1–17Kinsler P, Favaro A, McCall MW (2009) Four Poynting theorems. Eur J Phys 30:983–993Klinckel S, Linnemann K (2008) A phenomenological constitutive model for magnetostrictive materials and ferroelectric ceramics. Proc Appl Math Mech 8:10507–10508Kosmeier D (2013) Hornets: Gentle Giants! Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. www.hornissenschutz.de/hornets.htmLahmer T (2008) Forward and inverse problems in piezoelectricity. PhD thesis, Universität Erlangen-NürnbergLandau LD, Lifshitz EM (1982) Mechanics. Butterworth-Heinemann, OxfordLandau LD, Lifshitz EM (1984) Electrodynamics of continuous media. Pergamon Press, OxfordLandis CM (2002) A new finite-element formulation for electromechanical boundary value problems. Int J Numer Methods Eng 55:613–628Díaz Lantada A (2011) Handbook of active materials for medical devices: advances and applications. CRC Press, Boca RatonLebon G, Jou D, Casas-Vázquez J (2008) Understanding non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Springer, BerlinLinnemann K, Klinkel S (2006) A constitutive model for magnetostrictive materials—theory and finite element implementation. Proc Appl Math Mech 6:393–394Linnemann K, Klinkel S, Wagner W (2009) A constitutive model for magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials. Int J Solids Struct 46:1149–1166Llebot JE, Jou D, Casas-Vázquez J (1983) A thermodynamic approach to heat and electric conduction in solids. Physica 121(A):552–562Lu X, Hanagud V (2004) Extended irreversible thermodynamics modeling for self-heating and dissipation in piezoelectric ceramics. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 51(12):1582–1592Lubarda VA (2004) On thermodynamic potentials in linear thermoelasticity. Int J Solids Struct 41:7377–7398Mansuripur M (2012) Trouble with the lorentz law of force: incompatibility with special relativity and momentum conservation. Phys Rev Lett 108:193901Maruszewski B, Lebon G (1986) An extended irreversible thermodynamic description of electrothermoelastic semiconductors. Int J Eng Sci 24(4):583–593McMeeking RM, Landis CM (2005) Electrostatic forces and stored energy for deformable dielectric materials. J Appl Mech 72:581–590McMeeking RM, Landis CM, Jimenez MA (2007) A principle of virtual work for combined electrostatic and mechanical loading of materials. Int J Non Linear Mech 42:831–838MELCOR (2000) Thermoelectric handbook. Melcor, a unit of Laird Technologies. http://www.lairdtech.comMinkowski H (1908) Nachr. ges. wiss. Gottingen 53Naranjo B, Gimzewski JK, Putterman S (2005) Observation of nuclear fusion driven by a pyroelectric crystal. Nature 28(434):1115–1117Nédélec JC (1980) Mixed finite elements in $${R}^3$$ R 3 . Numer Math 35:314–345Nettleton RE, Sobolev SL (1995) Applications of extended thermodynamics to chemical, rheological, and transport processes: a special survey part I. approaches and scalar rate processes. J Non-Equilib Thermodyn 20:205–229Nettleton RE, Sobolev SL (1995) Applications of extended thermodynamics to chemical, rheological, and transport processes: a special survey part II. vector transport processes, shear relaxation and rheology. J Non-Equilib Thermodyn 20:297–331Nettleton RE, Sobolev SL (1996) Applications of extended thermodynamics to chemical, rheological, and transport processes: a special survey part III. wave phenomena. J Non-Equilib Thermodyn 21:1–16Newmark N (1959) A method of computation for structural dynamics. ASCE J Eng Mech 85:67–94Newnham RE (2005) Properties of materials: anisotropy, symmetry, structure. Oxford University Press, OxfordNour AE, Abd-Alla N, Maugin GA (1990) Nonlinear equations for thermoelastic magnetizable conductors. Int J Eng Sci 27(7):589–603Nowacki A (1962) International series of monographs in aeronautics and astronautics. Pergamon Press, OxfordOkumura H, Hasegawa Y, Nakamura H, Yamaguchi S (1999) A computational model of thermoelectric and thermomagnetic semiconductors. In: 18th international conference on thermoelectricsOkumura H, Yamaguchi S, Nakamura H, Ikeda K, Sawada K (1998) Numerical computation of thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects. In: 17th international conference on thermoelectricsOliver X, Agelet C (2000) Continuum mechanics for engineers. Edicions UPC, Barcelona. http://hdl.handle.net/2099.3/36197Shankar K, Kondaiah P, Ganesan N (2013) Pyroelectric and pyromagnetic effects on multiphase magneto-electro-elastic cylindrical shells for axisymmetric temperature. Smart Mater Struct 22(2):025007Palma R, Pérez-Aparicio JL, Bravo R (2013) Study of hysteretic thermoelectric behavior in photovoltaic materials using the finite element method, extended thermodynamics and inverse problems. Energy Convers Manag 65:557–563Palma R, Pérez-Aparicio JL, Taylor RL (2012) Non-linear finite element formulation applied to thermoelectric materials under hyperbolic heat conduction model. Comput Method Appl Mech Eng 213–216:93–103Palma R, Rus G, Gallego R (2009) Probabilistic inverse problem and system uncertainties for damage detection in piezoelectrics. Mech Mater 41:1000–1016Pérez-Aparicio JL, Gavela D (1998) 3D, non-linear coupled, finite element model of thermoelectricity. In: 4th European workshop on thermoelectricsPérez-Aparicio JL, Palma R, Taylor RL (2012) Finite element analysis and material sensitivity of Peltier thermoelectric cells coolers. Int J Heat Mass Transf 55:1363–1374Pérez-Aparicio JL, Sosa H (2004) A continuum three-dimensional, fully coupled, dynamic, non-linear finite element formulation for magnetostrictive materials. Smart Mater Struct 13:493–502Perez-Aparicio JL, Sosa H, Palma R (2007) Numerical investigations of field-defect interactions in piezoelectric ceramics. Int J Solids Struct 44:4892–4908Pérez-Aparicio JL, Taylor RL, Gavela D (2007) Finite element analysis of nonlinear fully coupled thermoelectric materials. Comput Mech 40:35–45Qi H, Fang D, Yao Z (1997) FEM analysis of electro-mechanical coupling effect of piezoelectric materials. Comput Mater Sci 8:283–290Pérez-Aparicio JL, Palma R, Abouali-Sánchez S (2014) Complete finite element method analysis of galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects. Appl Therm Eng (submitted)Perez-Aparicio JL, Palma R, Moreno-Navarro P (2014) Elasto-thermoelectric non-linear, fully coupled, and dynamic finite element analysis of pulsed thermoelectrics. Appl Therm Eng (submitted)Ramírez F, Heyliger PR, Pan E (2006) Free vibration response of two-dimensional magneto-electro-elastic laminated plates. J Sound Vib 292:626–644Reitz JR, Milford FJ (1960) Foundations of electromagnetic theory. Addison-Wesley, BostonReng Z, Ionescu B, Besbes M, Razek A (1995) Calculation of mechanical deformation of magnetic materials in electromagnetic devices. IEEE Trans Magn 31(3):1873–1876Restuccia L (2010) On a thermodynamic theory for magnetic relaxation phenomena due to n microscopic phenomena described by n internal variables. J Non-Equilib Thermodyn 35:379–413Restuccia L, Kluitenberg GA (1988) On generalizations of the Debye equation for dielectric relaxation. Phys A 154:157–182Restuccia L, Kluitenberg GA (1992) On the heat dissipation function for dielectric relaxation phenomena in anisotropic media. Int J Eng Sci 30(3):305–315Riffat SB, Ma X (2003) Thermoelectrics: a review of present and potential applications. Appl Therm Eng 23:913–935Rinaldi C, Brenner H (2002) Body versus surface forces in continuum mechanics: is the Maxwell stress tensor a physically objective Cauchy stress? Phys Rev E 65:036615Rowe DM (ed) (1995) CRC handbook of thermoelectrics. CRC Press, UKRus G, Palma R, Pérez-Aparicio JL (2009) Optimal measurement setup for damage detection in piezoelectric plates. Int J Eng Sci 47:554–572Rus G, Palma R, Pérez-Aparicio JL (2012) Experimental design of dynamic model-based damage identification in piezoelectric ceramics. Mech Syst Signal Process 26:268–293Sadiku MNO (2001) Numerical techniques in electromagnetics. CRC Press LLC, Boca RatonSemenov AS, Kessler H, Liskowsky A, Balke H (2006) On a vector potential formulation for 3D electromechanical finite element analysis. Commun Numer Methods Eng 22:357–375Serra E, Bonaldi M (2008) A finite element formulation for thermoelastic damping analysis. Int J Numer Methods Eng 78(6):671–691Several. Wikipedia. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, SeveralSoh AK, Liu JX (2005) On the constitutive equations of magnetoelectroelastic solids. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 16:597–602Stefanescu DM (2011) Handbook of force transducers: principles and components. Springer, BerlinTamma KK, Namburu RR (1992) An effective finite element modeling/analysis approach for dynamic thermoelasticity due to second sound effects. Comput Mech 9:73–84Tang T, Yu W (2009) Micromechanical modeling of the multiphysical behavior of smart materials using the variational asymptotic method. Smart Mater Struct 18:1–14Taylor RL (2010) FEAP a finite element analysis program: user manual. University of California, Berkeley. http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/feapThurston RN (1994) Warren p. Mason (1900–1986) physicist, engineer, inventor, author, teacher. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 41(4):425–434Tian X, Shen Y, Chen C, He T (2006) A direct finite element method study of generalized thermoelastic problems. Int J Solids Struct 43:2050–2063Tinder RF (2008) Tensor properties of solids: phenomenological development of the tensor properties of crystals. Morgan and Claypool, San RafaelTruesdell C (1968) Thermodynamics for beginners, in irreversible aspects of continuum mechanics. Springer, BerlinTzou HS, Ye R (1996) Pyroelectric and thermal strain effects of piezoelectric (PVDF and PZT) devices. Mech Syst Signal Process 10(4):459–469Walser R (1972) Application of pyromagnetic phenomena to radiation detection

Hit-and-run epigenetic editing prevents senescence entry in primary breast cells from healthy donors

Aberrant promoter DNA hypermethylation is a hallmark of cancer; however, whether this is sufficient to drive cellular transformation is not clear. To investigate this question, we use a CRISPR-dCas9 epigenetic editing tool, where an inactive form of Cas9 is fused to DNA methyltransferase effectors. Using this system, here we show simultaneous de novo DNA methylation of genes commonly methylated in cancer, CDKN2A, RASSF1, HIC1 and PTEN in primary breast cells isolated from healthy human breast tissue. We find that promoter methylation is maintained in this system, even in the absence of the fusion construct, and this prevents cells from engaging senescence arrest. Our data show that the key driver of this phenotype is repression of CDKN2A transcript p16 where myoepithelial cells harbour cancer-like gene expression but do not exhibit anchorage-independent growth. This work demonstrates that hit-and-run epigenetic events can prevent senescence entry, which may facilitate tumour initiation