24,904 research outputs found
Prospects and Limitations of Algorithmic Cooling
Heat-bath algorithmic cooling (AC) of spins is a theoretically powerful
effective cooling approach, that (ideally) cools spins with low polarization
exponentially better than cooling by reversible entropy manipulations alone.
Here, we investigate the limitations and prospects of AC. For non-ideal and
semioptimal AC, we study the impact of finite relaxation times of reset and
computation spins on the achievable effective cooling. We derive, via
simulations, the attainable cooling levels for given ratios of relaxation times
using two semioptimal practicable algorithms. We expect this analysis to be
valuable for the planning of future experiments. For ideal and optimal AC, we
make use of lower bounds on the number of required reset steps, based on
entropy considerations, to present important consequences of using AC as a tool
for improving signal-to-noise ratio in liquid-state magnetic resonance
spectroscopy. We discuss the potential use of AC for noninvasive clinical
diagnosis and drug monitoring, where it may have significantly lower specific
absorption rate (SAR) with respect to currently used methods.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure
Experimental Heat-Bath Cooling of Spins
Algorithmic cooling (AC) is a method to purify quantum systems, such as
ensembles of nuclear spins, or cold atoms in an optical lattice. When applied
to spins, AC produces ensembles of highly polarized spins, which enhance the
signal strength in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). According to this cooling
approach, spin-half nuclei in a constant magnetic field are considered as bits,
or more precisely, quantum bits, in a known probability distribution.
Algorithmic steps on these bits are then translated into specially designed NMR
pulse sequences using common NMR quantum computation tools. The
cooling of spins is achieved by alternately combining reversible,
entropy-preserving manipulations (borrowed from data compression algorithms)
with , the transfer of entropy from selected spins to the
environment. In theory, applying algorithmic cooling to sufficiently large spin
systems may produce polarizations far beyond the limits due to conservation of
Shannon entropy.
Here, only selective reset steps are performed, hence we prefer to call this
process "heat-bath" cooling, rather than algorithmic cooling. We experimentally
implement here two consecutive steps of selective reset that transfer entropy
from two selected spins to the environment. We performed such cooling
experiments with commercially-available labeled molecules, on standard
liquid-state NMR spectrometers. Our experiments yielded polarizations that
- , so that the entire
spin-system was cooled. This paper was initially submitted in 2005, first to
Science and then to PNAS, and includes additional results from subsequent years
(e.g. for resubmission in 2007). The Postscriptum includes more details.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures, replaces quant-ph/051115
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Estimating software project effort using analogies
Accurate project effort prediction is an important goal for the software engineering community. To date most work has focused upon building algorithmic models of effort, for example COCOMO. These can be calibrated to local environments. We describe an alternative approach to estimation based upon the use of analogies. The underlying principle is to characterise projects in terms of features (for example, the number of interfaces, the development method or the size of the functional requirements document). Completed projects are stored and then the problem becomes one of finding the most similar projects to the one for which a prediction is required. Similarity is defined as Euclidean distance in n-dimensional space where n is the number of project features. Each dimension is standardised so all dimensions have equal weight. The known effort values of the nearest neighbours to the new project are then used as the basis for the prediction. The process is automated using a PC based tool known as ANGEL. The method is validated on nine different industrial datasets (a total of 275 projects) and in all cases analogy outperforms algorithmic models based upon stepwise regression. From this work we argue that estimation by analogy is a viable technique that, at the very least, can be used by project managers to complement current estimation techniques
Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) System for Ancient Documentary Artefacts
This tutorial summarises our uses of reflectance transformation imaging in archaeological contexts. It introduces the UK AHRC funded project reflectance Transformation Imaging for Anciant Documentary Artefacts and demonstrates imaging methodologies
Semi-optimal Practicable Algorithmic Cooling
Algorithmic Cooling (AC) of spins applies entropy manipulation algorithms in
open spin-systems in order to cool spins far beyond Shannon's entropy bound. AC
of nuclear spins was demonstrated experimentally, and may contribute to nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Several cooling algorithms were
suggested in recent years, including practicable algorithmic cooling (PAC) and
exhaustive AC. Practicable algorithms have simple implementations, yet their
level of cooling is far from optimal; Exhaustive algorithms, on the other hand,
cool much better, and some even reach (asymptotically) an optimal level of
cooling, but they are not practicable. We introduce here semi-optimal
practicable AC (SOPAC), wherein few cycles (typically 2-6) are performed at
each recursive level. Two classes of SOPAC algorithms are proposed and
analyzed. Both attain cooling levels significantly better than PAC, and are
much more efficient than the exhaustive algorithms. The new algorithms are
shown to bridge the gap between PAC and exhaustive AC. In addition, we
calculated the number of spins required by SOPAC in order to purify qubits for
quantum computation. As few as 12 and 7 spins are required (in an ideal
scenario) to yield a mildly pure spin (60% polarized) from initial
polarizations of 1% and 10%, respectively. In the latter case, about five more
spins are sufficient to produce a highly pure spin (99.99% polarized), which
could be relevant for fault-tolerant quantum computing.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figure
The listening talker: A review of human and algorithmic context-induced modifications of speech
International audienceSpeech output technology is finding widespread application, including in scenarios where intelligibility might be compromised - at least for some listeners - by adverse conditions. Unlike most current algorithms, talkers continually adapt their speech patterns as a response to the immediate context of spoken communication, where the type of interlocutor and the environment are the dominant situational factors influencing speech production. Observations of talker behaviour can motivate the design of more robust speech output algorithms. Starting with a listener-oriented categorisation of possible goals for speech modification, this review article summarises the extensive set of behavioural findings related to human speech modification, identifies which factors appear to be beneficial, and goes on to examine previous computational attempts to improve intelligibility in noise. The review concludes by tabulating 46 speech modifications, many of which have yet to be perceptually or algorithmically evaluated. Consequently, the review provides a roadmap for future work in improving the robustness of speech output
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