Interculturalidade numa família espanhola exilada em França na época de Franco - análise de um capítulo de El corazón helado de Almudena Grandes

A Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936 – 1939) foi o acontecimento mais traumático do século passado3, cujas sequelas perduram até hoje, sobretudo nas gerações mais velhas dos espanhóis e até dos portugueses que viveram junto à raya. À semelhança do que se passava em toda a Europa na década de 30, Espanha vivia uma época de grande instabilidade social, económica e política. Este período é caracterizado por uma forte divisão da sociedade espanhola, sendo que o choque entre classes sociais era violento. Tinha, inclusive, sido iniciado um plano de conspiração para proteger as classes privilegiadas. A par disso, houve uma época de eleições sucessivas e de governos de curta duração que não satisfaziam a população, que vivia sob um sentimento geral de inquietude. As eleições de 1936 tiveram lugar num clima de grande tensão entre duas facções: Republicanos e Nacionalistas. Este clima culminou na Guerra Civil

Los personajes femeninos de Almudena Grandes: actualidad, post-modernidad y guerra civil

Considerando la obra literaria de Almudena Grandes, sobresalen algunas características comunes en la construcción de sus personajes femeninos a los que desnuda el alma. Estos personajes son caracterizados, por su introspección psicológica, como seres complejos y contradictorios que evolucionan en una búsqueda permanente de la razón de su existencia, lo que constituye uno de los patrones de la Post-Modernidad. Empezando por definir las coordenadas culturales de la Post-Modernidad, proponemos un estudio de estos personajes, insertándolos en su contexto cultural. Se pretende reflexionar sobre la construcción de estos personajes, intentando integrarlos en una dimensión sociológica y distinguiendo las dos fases de su creación: una primera en la que son los personajes que sirven la historia y una segunda, que retrata el periodo de la Guerra Civil Española, en la que la historia determina a los personajes. Terminada la época del “Pacto de Silencio” determinado tras la Transición, es tiempo de que los españoles se reconcilien con el pasado, para que puedan integrarse en el Presente y prepararse para el Futuro. Y, en la época de la Transmodernidad, una época de crisis, los personajes femeninos ya no se preocupan tanto por su identidad, intentando sobrevivir y siendo más solidarios con quienes vive en su alrededor.Considering the literary work of Almudena Grandes, some common features in the construction of her female characters outstand. These characters, to which she bares the soul, are characterized by a psychological insight as complex and contradictory beings that develop in a permanent search of the reason for their existence. Starting by defining the cultural coordinates of Post-Modernity, a study of these characters follows, introducing them in their cultural context. This work aims at reflecting on the construction of Almudena Grandes’ characters, integrating them in a sociological dimension and pointing the two phases of their creation: the first, in which the characters are to serve the story and the second, which portrays the period of Spanish Civil War, in which the story determines the characters. After the period of the Pact of Silence, determined after The Transition, it is now the right time, that the Spanish reconcile themselves with their Past, in order to integrate themselves in the Present and prepare themselves for the Future. And, in a time of Transmodernity, a time of crisis, female characters do not worry so much about finding who they are, trying to survive and being more helpful with those around them.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Relationship between PD-L1 Expression and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Canine Mammary Tumor

Background: Studies pointed out that the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have considerable importance in canine mammary tumor (CMT). On the other hand, cancer cells sometimes find ways to use immune checkpoint proteins as a shield to avoid being identified and attacked by the immune system as programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1). In this study, it was investigated the relationship between PD-L1 expression, stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in canine mammary tumor (CMT), and the association with clinical and pathological characteristics of the tumors.Materials, Methods & Results: PD-L1 expression and TILs were assessed in 23 female dogs with CMT. The tumors were grouped into simple carcinoma (CA, n = 8) and complex carcinoma (CC, n = 15). Stromal TILs were assessed using two thresholds as TILs-Low representing < 50% of infiltrate within stromal area and TILs-High representing ≥ 50% of stromal area. Clinicopathological data of CMT was characterized according to key parameters, as well as survival rates. TILs evaluation within tumor stroma revealed that 65.2% (n = 15) of tumors had TILs-Low. PD-L1 expression and stromal TILs were significantly associated (P = 0.009). PD-L1 expression was observed in 39% (n = 9) of all tumors of which 17.4% (n = 4) were from CA group and 21.7% (n = 5) were from CC group. PD-L1 expression within TILs was observed in 39% (n = 9) of the tumors. PD-L1 in malignant epithelium was present in all lymph node metastasis (n = 5). PD-L1 was associated with involvement of regional lymph nodes (P = 0.034). Survival curves demonstrated TILs-Low had higher (P = 0.010) overall survival (OS) compared with TILs-High, and PD-L1+ and PD-L1– (P = 0.06) did not differed. The clinicopathological variables significantly correlated with OS by univariate analysis were the histological grade (P = 0.009), lymph node involvement (P = 0.004), stromal TILs (P = 0.016), and PD-L1+/TILs-High vs. PD-L1–/TILs-Low (P = 0.010). Multivariate analysis revealed that group of tumors with grade II-III was independent and negative prognostic factors for OS.Discussion: In this study, PD-L1 was differently expressed according to the histologic subtypes of TMC. Currently, has been showed the presence of PD-L1 in several canine cancer. Nevertheless, only a few studies have described PD-L1 protein expression in dog tumors and showed PD-L1 was constitutively expressed on canine tumor cell lines, although the levels of basal expression were very variable. This expression can be modulated by IFN-γ exposure. In the present study, it was found a strong PD-L1 expression on TILs. The increase in PD-L1 cell surface expression by tumor cells can lead to decreased T-cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. In human breast cancer (BC) the PD-L1 expression was expressed in TILs and tumor epithelium. It has been reported the association of stromal TILs and PD-L1 expression with aggressive types and stages of BC. In this study, it was detected PD-L1 expression in malignant epithelium in all lymph node metastasis. PD-L1 overexpression was significantly associated with a series of clinicopathological parameters. It was demonstrated that PD-L1+/TILs-High had higher risk of overall survival (OS) than another group of interaction. High PD-L1 expression may be a prognostic indicator for reduced OS, while tumor PD-L1+ was associated with poorer disease-free survival. The presence of TILs has shown to be potentially predictive and a prognostic factor in BC subtypes. In CMT, it has been reported that a high proportion of TILs was correlated to several malignancy characteristics. In relation to PD-L1, further research is necessary to clarify this immune checkpoint as a potential therapeutic target and its application in clinical practice in CMT

The female characters of Almudena Grandes: Post-Modernity and Civil War

Considerando la obra literaria de Almudena Grandes, sobresalen algunas características comunes en la construcción de sus personajes femeninos a los que desnuda el alma. Estos personajes son caracterizados, por su introspección psicológica, como seres complejos y contradictorios que evolucionan en una búsqueda permanente de la razón de su existencia, lo que constituye uno de los patrones de la Post-Modernidad. Empezando por definir las coordenadas culturales de la Post-Modernidad, proponemos un estudio de estos personajes, insertándolos en su contexto cultural. Se pretende reflexionar sobre la construcción de estos personajes, intentando integrarlos en una dimensión sociológica y distinguiendo las dos fases de su creación: una primera en la que son los personajes que sirven la historia y una segunda, que retrata el periodo de la Guerra Civil Española, en la que la historia determina a los personajes. Terminada la época del “Pacto de Silencio” determinado tras la Transición, es tiempo de que los españoles se reconcilien con el pasado, para que puedan integrarse en el Presente y prepararse para el Futuro. Y, en la época de la Transmodernidad, una época de crisis, los personajes femeninos ya no se preocupan tanto por su identidad, intentando sobrevivir y siendo más solidarios con quienes vive en su alrededor.Considering the literary work of Almudena Grandes, some common features in the construction of her female characters outstand. These characters, to which she bares the soul, are characterized by a psychological insight as complex and contradictory beings that develop in a permanent search of the reason for their existence. Starting by defining the cultural coordinates of Post-Modernity, a study of these characters follows, introducing them in their cultural context. This work aims at reflecting on the construction of Almudena Grandes’ characters, integrating them in a sociological dimension and pointing the two phases of their creation: the first, in which the characters are to serve the story and the second, which portrays the period of Spanish Civil War, in which the story determines the characters. After the period of the Pact of Silence, determined after The Transition, it is now the right time, that the Spanish reconcile themselves with their Past, in order to integrate themselves in the Present and prepare themselves for the Future. And, in a time of Transmodernity, a time of crisis, female characters do not worry so much about finding who they are, trying to survive and being more helpful with those around them

Formação em psicologia e a apropriação do enfoque da atenção primária à saúde em Fortaleza, Ceará Training in psychology and the appropriation of the focus on primary health care in Fortaleza, Ceará

As mudanças econômicas e sociais ocorridas no Brasil na década de 1980 e a garantia de políticas públicas pela 'Constituição Cidadã' ocasionam o início de uma transformação no campo psi: a inviabilidade do modelo de profissional autônomo e a abertura de novos campos de atuação. Dentre estes, a Saúde Coletiva, em seus três níveis de atenção, é a que mais tem possibilitado essas novas formas de inserção. No entanto, o processo de interlocução dos psicólogos com esse campo do saber vem sendo problemático e remete a uma formação que ainda não tem fornecido a preparação necessária para a atuação em consonância com o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a proposta de formação, para a atuação na atenção primária, prevista pelos cursos de graduação em psicologia de Fortaleza, Ceará, por meio dos seus projetos político-pedagógicos. Para isso usou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo como estratégia metodológica a análise documental. Constatou-se que a formação do psicólogo, apesar das novas diretrizes curriculares, ainda é pautada por uma proposta clínica tradicional, com ensino centrado no modelo intervencionista de saúde. Conclui-se apontando a necessidade de mudanças que ampliem e requalifiquem a formação em psicologia para atuação em Atenção Primária à Saúde.<br>The socioeconomic changes that took place in Brazil in the 1980s and the guarantee of public policies by the 'citizen constitution' sparked a transformation in the psi field: the impracticability of the self-employed worker model and the opening of new fields of performance. Among these, Public Health, on its three levels of care, is what has enabled these new forms of integration the most. However, the psychologists' process of dialogue with this field of knowledge has been problematic, a fact that has lead to a type of training that has not provided the necessary readiness for them to work in line with SUS. This article aims to analyze the proposal of training professionals to work in primary care as foreseen under the undergraduate programs in psychology in Fortaleza by means of its political and educational projects. To achieve this, the authors used a qualitative approach and document analysis as their methodological strategy. It was found that, notwithstanding the new curriculum guidelines, psychologists are still trained based on a traditional clinical proposal, with education centered on the intervention model of health. The authors conclude there is a need for changes designed to expand and requalify the training in psychology to work in primary health care

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved