Modeling and analysis of intervention scenarios in socio-natural systems: The case of energy-territory sustainability system of the Coquimbo Region, Chile

[Introduction]: This study proposes advances in modeling and analysis of socio-natural systems as a result of public policies on the environment and sustainable development. [Objective]: Present a formal systemic proposal for modeling socio-natural systems in a strategic decision-making framework. [Methodology]: Based on the symbols of signed digraphs, the study offers a group of elements to analyze socio-natural model systems geared towards a prospective analysis of diverse intervention scenarios applied to the systems. New quantitative metrics are also presented to evaluate the dynamic role of the variables comprising the socio-natural systems. The energy-territory sustainability system of the Coquimbo Region in Chile is used as a case study, and the expected performance of alternative environmental management actions is evaluated on a comparative basis. [Results]: Results suggest that intervention/management actions planned based on the new metrics presented here were particularly effective in modeling scenarios projected. [Conclusions]: Qualitative structural modeling is suitable for representing and analyzing socio-natural systems, exhibiting operational advantages to support decision-making.[Introducción]: Este artículo propone avances en la modelización y el análisis de los sistemas socio-naturales objeto de las políticas públicas en medio ambiente y desarrollo sustentable. [Objetivo]: Presentar una propuesta de modelización sistémica formal de sistemas socio-naturales en contextos de decisión estratégicos. [Metodología]: Basados en el lenguaje de los digrafos signados, presentamos un conjunto de elementos de sistemas socio-naturales modelizados, orientados al análisis prospectivo de la aplicación de diversos escenarios de intervención. Mostramos también un conjunto de nuevas métricas cuantitativas para evaluar el rol dinámico de las variables componentes del sistema socio-natural. Se toma como caso de estudio el sistema de sustentabilidad de energía en el territorio de la región de Coquimbo, Chile, y se evalúa comparativamente el desempeño esperado de medidas de gestión ambiental. [Resultados]: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que las medidas de intervención/gestión planificadas en función de las nuevas métricas presentadas en este artículo, resultan eficaces de acuerdo con los escenarios proyectados por la modelización. [Conclusiones]: La modelización estructural cualitativa es adecuada para representar y analizar sistemas socio-naturales, lo que exhibe ventajas operativas para apoyar la toma de decisiones.[Introdução]: Este artigo propõe avanços na modelagem e na análise dos sistemas socionaturais, objeto das políticas públicas em meio ambiente e desenvolvimento sustentável. [Objetivo]: Apresentar uma proposta de modelagem sistêmica formal de sistemas socionaturais em contextos de decisão estratégicos. [Metodologia]: Baseados na linguagem dos dígrafos marcados, apresentamos um conjunto de elementos de sistemas socionaturais modelados, orientados à análise prospectiva da aplicação de diversos cenários de intervenção. Mostramos também um conjunto de novas métricas quantitativas para avaliar a função dinâmica das variáveis componentes do sistema socionatural. Toma-se como caso de estudo o sistema de sustentabilidade de energia no território da região de Coquimbo, no Chile, e avalia-se comparativamente o desempenho esperado das medidas de gestão ambiental. [Resultados]: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que as medidas de intervenção/gestão planejadas em função das novas métricas apresentadas neste artigo são eficazes, de acordo com os cenários projetados pela modelagem. [Conclusões]: A modelagem estrutural qualitativa é adequada para representar e analisar sistemas socionaturais, exibindo vantagens operativas para apoiar a tomada de decisões.&nbsp

Core-periphery dynamics in a plant-pollinator network

Mutualistic networks are highly dynamic, characterized by high temporal turnover of species and interactions. Yet, we have a limited understanding of how the internal structure of these networks and the roles species play in them vary through time. We used 6 years of observation data and a novel statistical method (dynamic stochastic block models) to assess how network structure and species' structural position within the network change throughout subseasons of the flowering season and across years in a quantitative plant–pollinator network from a dryland ecosystem in Argentina. Our analyses revealed a core–periphery structure persistent through subseasons and years. Yet, species structural position as core or peripheral was highly dynamic: virtually all species that were at the core in some subseasons were also peripheral in other subseasons, while many other species always remained peripheral. Our results illuminate our understanding of the dynamics of mutualistic networks and have important implications for ecosystem management and conservation.Fil: Miele, Vincent. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Ramos Jiliberto, Rodrigo. Universidad Mayor; ChileFil: Vazquez, Diego P.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentin

Pollinator declines and the stability of plant–pollinator networks

Population declines of pollinators constitute a major concern for the fate of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services in a context of global change. Massive declines of pollinator populations driven by habitat loss, pollution, and climate change have been reported, whose consequences at community and ecosystem levels remain elusive. We conducted a mathematical modeling and computer simulation study to assess the dynamic consequences of pollinator declines for the biodiversity of plants and pollinators. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of increased mortality and decreased carrying capacity of specialist vs. generalist and effective vs. ineffective pollinators visiting specialist vs. generalist plants on long-term community biomass and species persistence. Our results reveal that increased larval mortality and increased competition for space among larvae had the greatest impacts on the decline of pollinator diversity. In contrast, the largest sustained decreases in pollinator biomass were driven by increased adult mortality in spite of a small increase in pollinator species persistence. Decreased pollinator diversity led in turn to decreased plant diversity. Attacking pollinators with high degree and connected mostly to low-degree plants produced the greatest losses of plant diversity. Pollinator effectiveness had no noticeable effect on persistence. Our results illuminate our understanding of the consequences of pollinator declines for the maintenance of biodiversity.Fil: Ramos Jiliberto, Rodrigo. Universidad Mayor; ChileFil: Moisset de Espanés, Pablo. Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; ChileFil: Vazquez, Diego P.. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas; Argentin

How to feed the cities? Co-creating inclusive, healthy and sustainable city region food systems

People drive transitions. Current urban living conditions, specifically food systems, challenge the health, wellbeing and coherence of individuals and whole societies, and for effective change toward resilient communities, people need to reinvent the way they produce, distribute and consume food. Consequently, in their communities' people are creating foodscapes and governing the transition toward sustainable local food systems. Here, we introduce a conceptual framework to develop this transformation through empowering the urban multi-stakeholder society as the agent of this process. To do so, we reviewed scientific evidence and experiences from seven selected City Regions (Albacete, Baku, Dresden, Izmir, Ljubljana, Megara, and Valparaiso) as case studies and conducted a SWOT analysis to explore the capacity of food systems to enhance multi-functionality of urban landscapes, with special focus on social cohesion and quality of life. We grasp existing policies; hone them and leverage policies and strategies toward human-centered actions for future proofing food systems.Peer Reviewe

Geographical origin determines responses to salinity of Mediterranean caddisflies

Indexación: Scopus.Many freshwater ecosystems worldwide, and particularly Mediterranean ones, show increasing levels of salinity. These changes in water conditions could affect abundance and distribution of inhabiting species as well as the provision of ecosystem services. In this study we conduct laboratory experiments using the macroinvertebrate Smicridea annulicornis as a model organism. Our factorial experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of geographical origin of organisms and salinity levels on survival and behavioral responses of caddisflies. The experimental organisms were captured from rivers belonging to three hydrological basins along a 450 Km latitudinal gradient in the Mediterranean region of Chile. Animals were exposed to three conductivity levels, from 180 to 1400 μS/cm, close to the historical averages of the source rivers. We measured the behavioral responses to experimental stimuli and the survival time. Our results showed that geographical origin shaped the behavioral and survival responses to salinity. In particular, survival and activity decreased more strongly with increasing salinity in organisms coming from more dilute waters. This suggests local adaptation to be determinant for salinity responses in this benthic invertebrate species. In the current scenario of fast temporal and spatial changes in water levels and salt concentration, the conservation of geographic intra-specific variation of aquatic species is crucial for lowering the risk of salinity-driven biodiversity loss.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.022027

Identification of ecologically relevant species for Ecological Risk Assessment: A proposal from theoretical ecology

En base a avances recientes en teoría de redes ecológicas, se presenta un marco conceptual ad hoc y una propuesta metodológica para la evaluación de la relevancia ecológica de las especies de una comunidad, orientada a la Evaluación de Riesgo Ecológico de sistemas acuáticos en Chile. El procedimiento es de carácter teórico y se basa en la calidad de la información disponible, es decir no requiere de evaluaciones experimentales ni observacionales de campo. Dado el estado de conocimiento actual y esperado a mediano plazo acerca de la estructura de las comunidades acuáticas locales, el método propuesto está enfocado a su aplicación en comunidades cuyo nivel de conocimiento es bajo o medio. La propuesta utiliza criterios cualitativos e índices cuantitativos (siete índices topológicos y un índice basado en modelación cualitativa) para la identificación de especies ecológicamente relevantes que representen al menos tres categorías tróficas de la comunidad.Based on recent advances in ecological network theory, we present an ad hoc conceptual framework and a methodological proposal for the evaluation of the ecological relevance of species within a community, oriented towards the Ecological Risk Assessment in Chilean aquatic systems. The procedure is theoretical and based on the quality of available information, i.e. it does not require experimental tests or field observation. Given the current and medium-term expected state of knowledge about the structure of local aquatic communities, the proposed method is focused towards its application to communities whose level of knowledge is low or medium. The proposal uses qualitative criteria and quantitative indices (seven topological indices and one index based on qualitative modeling) for the identification of ecologically relevant species that represent at least three trophic categories within the community

Potential landscape-scale pollinator networks across Great Britain: structure, stability and influence of agricultural land cover

Understanding spatial variation in the structure and stability of plant-pollinator networks, and their relationship with anthropogenic drivers, is key to maintaining pollination services and mitigating declines. Constructing sufficient networks to examine patterns over large spatial scales remains challenging. Using biological records (citizen science), we constructed potential plant-pollinator networks at 10km resolution across Great Britain, comprising all potential interactions inferred from recorded floral visitation and species co-occurrence. We calculated network metrics (species richness, connectance, pollinator and plant generality) and adapted existing methods to assess robustness to sequences of simulated plant extinctions across multiple networks. We found positive relationships between agricultural land cover and both pollinator generality and robustness to extinctions under several extinction scenarios. Increased robustness was attributable to changes in plant community composition (fewer extinction-prone species) and network structure (increased pollinator generality). Thus, traits enabling persistence in highly agricultural landscapes can confer robustness to potential future perturbations on plant-pollinator networks