Optimal Cutting of Lumber and Particleboards into Dimension Parts: Some Algorithms and Solution Procedures

This paper describes some algorithms and procedures that can be used for determining the optimal cutting of lumber or composite boards into dimension or furniture parts. Methodologies are described for various production scenarios: 1) cutting when the direction of the grain matters (e.g., lumber), 2) cutting composite boards where grain direction does not matter, 3) rip-first cutting, 4) crosscut-first cutting, and 5) a combination of rip-first and crosscut-first. An algorithm for optimizing the cutting of all lumber types while at the same time satisfying a given order of dimension parts is also described. The models can be used interactively for comprehensive optimization of cutting a mix of lumber as shown by the two-stage decision model, or the double knapsack algorithms could be used as stand alone models for optimizing the cutting of individual lumber

Network polarization, filter bubbles, and echo chambers: An annotated review of measures and reduction methods

Polarization arises when the underlying network connecting the members of a community or society becomes characterized by highly connected groups with weak inter-group connectivity. The increasing polarization, the strengthening of echo chambers, and the isolation caused by information filters in social networks are increasingly attracting the attention of researchers from different areas of knowledge such as computer science, economics, social and political sciences. This work presents an annotated review of network polarization measures and models used to handle the polarization. Several approaches for measuring polarization in graphs and networks were identified, including those based on homophily, modularity, random walks, and balance theory. The strategies used for reducing polarization include methods that propose edge or node editions (including insertions or deletions, as well as edge weight modifications), changes in social network design, or changes in the recommendation systems embedded in these networks.Comment: Corrected a typo in Section 3.2; the rest remains unchange

Maternidad subrogada y el interés superior del niño en la jurisprudencia de la corte suprema del Perú 2022

El desarrollo de la presente investigación, está dirigida a resolver la problemática a nivel nacional sobre la maternidad subrogada en relación con el principio de interés superior del niño, problema que se acrecienta con el transcurrir del tiempo, ya que en tiempos actuales estamos viendo como la tecnología va avanzando y le va sacando ventajas al Derecho, siendo esta una ciencia que debe ir de acorde con la realidad social por lo mismo que tiene una característica cambiante; hoy en día al ordenamiento jurídico peruano no tiene una regulación acerca de lo que es la maternidad subrogada, siendo está considerada como una TRHA, al cual muchas parejas que tienen problemas de procrear hijos por alguna infertilidad o esterilidad, se apoyan en estas técnicas para llevar a cabo el sueño anhelado de poder formar una familia, ahora bien, al no existir una regulación en el Perú, se torna preocupante esta situación, puesto que la vulneración de los derechos de los participantes en estos actos podrían verse dañados de forma grave y de igual manera la del nuevo ser, afectando de esta manera el PISN, siendo este un derecho que debería estar cautelado y protegido en un 100% por el Estado Peruano. Se planteó para el desarrollo de este proyecto como objetivo general: determinar de qué manera la maternidad subrogada se relaciona con el principio de interés superior del niño en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema del Perú, utilizando un método de investigación cualitativa, tipo descriptivo correlacional y como instrumento y técnica para la obtención de información utilizamos el análisis documental, análisis de contenido y la guía de entrevista, a fin de poder entender, esquematizar, analizar y llegar a una conclusión sobre los objetivos trazados

Seminario Taller "La investigación Estomatológica en el Proceso de Acreditación"

La Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos por su tradicional liderazgo debe asumir e reto de proponer los cambios, para e logro de la calidad y e mejoramiento continuo en e contexto de la globalización que vivimos. La Investigación dentro del Plan Estratégico de la Universidad es considerada fundamental para su desarrollo. En tal sentido, el Consejo Superior de Investigación y el Instituto de Investigación Estomatológica; llevaron a cabo el Seminario Taller "LA INVESTIGACIÓN ESTOMATOLÓGICA EN EL PROCESO DE ACREDITACIÓN" realizado los días 16 y 17 de octubre del 2003, en el Auditorio "Horacio Wells" de la Facultad de Odontología.La Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos por su tradicional liderazgo debe asumir e reto de proponer los cambios, para e logro de la calidad y e mejoramiento continuo en e contexto de la globalización que vivimos. La Investigación dentro del Plan Estratégico de la Universidad es considerada fundamental para su desarrollo. En tal sentido, el Consejo Superior de Investigación y el Instituto de Investigación Estomatológica; llevaron a cabo el Seminario Taller "LA INVESTIGACIÓN ESTOMATOLÓGICA EN EL PROCESO DE ACREDITACIÓN" realizado los días 16 y 17 de octubre del 2003, en el Auditorio "Horacio Wells" de la Facultad de Odontología

Propuesta de Supply Chain Management y Logística para la empresa Bavaria S.A.

Anexo 1. Instrumento para la gestión de inventarios Bavaria S.A. continuación y Anexo 2. Instrumento propuesto para la evaluación y selección de proveedoresEn el presente trabajo se elabora una propuesta en donde se identifica la administración de la cadena de suministros de la empresa Bavaria S.A. haciendo uso de los fundamentos teóricos de la cadena de suministros hasta el momento. Por otro lado, se identifican los miembros, la estructura y los vínculos de los procesos dentro de la cadena de suministros de la empresa de estudio. Además se integran algunos procesos empresariales a partir de los enfoques GSCF y APICS SCOR; y asimismo se investigan las políticas nacionales de logística vigentes en Colombia para la mejora de la gestión de la cadena de suministros desde una vista global a una local para la disminución del efecto látigo en la organización. Por consiguiente, se hace un diagnóstico de la empresa con relación a la gestión de los inventarios, el layout de los almacenes o centros de distribución, la gestión de aprovisionamiento, los procesos logísticos de distribución y las megatendencias para una propuesta de mejora en cada uno de estos procesos con la búsqueda de una gestión de una cadena de suministros ideal.In the present work a proposal is elaborated where the administration of the supply chain of the company Bavaria S.A. is identified. making use of the theoretical foundations of the supply chain so far. On the other hand, the members, the structure and the links of the processes within the supply chain of the study company are identified. In addition, some business processes are integrated from the GSCF and APICS SCOR approaches; and the national logistics policies in force in Colombia were investigated to improve supply chain management from a global to a local view to reduce the bullwhip effect on the organization. Therefore, a diagnosis of the company is made in relation to inventory management, the layout of warehouses or distribution centers, supply management, distribution logistics processes and megatrends for an improvement proposal in each one. of these processes with the search for an ideal supply chain management

PRIMER REGISTRO DE UNITUBULOTESTIS PELAMYDIS (TREMATODA: DIDYMOZOIDAE) Y SPHYRIOCEPHALUS TERGESTINUS (CESTODA: SPHYRIOCEPHALIDAE) EN EL BONITO DEL PACÍFICO, SARDA CHILIENSIS (PERCIFORMES: SCOMBRIDAE) EN PERÚ

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo registrar Unitubulotestis pelamydis (Taschenburg, 1879) (Trematoda: Didymozoidae) y Sphyriocephalus tergestinus Pintner, 1913 (Trypanorhyncha: Sphyriocephalidae) en el bonito del Pacífico Sarda chiliensis (Cuvier, 1832) (Scombridae) en Chorrillos, Lima, Perú (12º09'23 "S, 77º01'55" W). Se colectaron cien especímenes de S. chiliensis, 17 y 32 especímenes fueron infectados con U. pelamydis y S. tergestinus en los filamentos branquiales y el estómago, respectivamente. La prevalencia total fue de 49%. La intensidad y la abundancia media total de la infección fueron de 3,51 (1-12) y 1,72 (0-12), respectivamente. Este es el primer registro de U. pelamydis y S. tergestinus en Perú. Además, S. chiliensis es un nuevo huésped para ambos endoparásitos

Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of above-ground biomass in Amazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models

Understanding the processes that determine above-ground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is important for predicting the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change and for designing and evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). AGB is determined by inputs from woody productivity [woody net primary productivity (NPP)] and the rate at which carbon is lost through tree mortality. Here, we test whether two direct metrics of tree mortality (the absolute rate of woody biomass loss and the rate of stem mortality) and/or woody NPP, control variation in AGB among 167 plots in intact forest across Amazonia. We then compare these relationships and the observed variation in AGB and woody NPP with the predictions of four DGVMs. The observations show that stem mortality rates, rather than absolute rates of woody biomass loss, are the most important predictor of AGB, which is consistent with the importance of stand size structure for determining spatial variation in AGB. The relationship between stem mortality rates and AGB varies among different regions of Amazonia, indicating that variation in wood density and height/diameter relationships also influences AGB. In contrast to previous findings, we find that woody NPP is not correlated with stem mortality rates and is weakly positively correlated with AGB. Across the four models, basin-wide average AGB is similar to the mean of the observations. However, the models consistently overestimate woody NPP and poorly represent the spatial patterns of both AGB and woody NPP estimated using plot data. In marked contrast to the observations, DGVMs typically show strong positive relationships between woody NPP and AGB. Resolving these differences will require incorporating forest size structure, mechanistic models of stem mortality and variation in functional composition in DGVMs

Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of above-ground biomass in Amazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models

This is the final version of the article. Available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.Understanding the processes that determine above-ground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is important for predicting the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change and for designing and evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). AGB is determined by inputs from woody productivity [woody net primary productivity (NPP)] and the rate at which carbon is lost through tree mortality. Here, we test whether two direct metrics of tree mortality (the absolute rate of woody biomass loss and the rate of stem mortality) and/or woody NPP, control variation in AGB among 167 plots in intact forest across Amazonia. We then compare these relationships and the observed variation in AGB and woody NPP with the predictions of four DGVMs. The observations show that stem mortality rates, rather than absolute rates of woody biomass loss, are the most important predictor of AGB, which is consistent with the importance of stand size structure for determining spatial variation in AGB. The relationship between stem mortality rates and AGB varies among different regions of Amazonia, indicating that variation in wood density and height/diameter relationships also influences AGB. In contrast to previous findings, we find that woody NPP is not correlated with stem mortality rates and is weakly positively correlated with AGB. Across the four models, basin-wide average AGB is similar to the mean of the observations. However, the models consistently overestimate woody NPP and poorly represent the spatial patterns of both AGB and woody NPP estimated using plot data. In marked contrast to the observations, DGVMs typically show strong positive relationships between woody NPP and AGB. Resolving these differences will require incorporating forest size structure, mechanistic models of stem mortality and variation in functional composition in DGVMs.This paper is a product of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme AMAZALERT project (282664). The field data used in this study have been generated by the RAINFOR network, which has been supported by a Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant, the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme projects 283080, ‘GEOCARBON’; and 282664, ‘AMAZALERT’; ERC grant ‘Tropical Forests in the Changing Earth System’), and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Urgency, Consortium and Standard Grants ‘AMAZONICA’ (NE/F005806/1), ‘TROBIT’ (NE/D005590/1) and ‘Niche Evolution of South American Trees’ (NE/I028122/1). Additional data were included from the Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) Network – a collaboration between Conservation International, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Smithsonian Institution and the Wildlife Conservation Society, and partly funded by these institutions, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and other donors. Fieldwork was also partially supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico of Brazil (CNPq), project Programa de Pesquisas Ecológicas de Longa Duração (PELD-403725/2012-7). A.R. acknowledges funding from the Helmholtz Alliance ‘Remote Sensing and Earth System Dynamics’; L.P., M.P.C. E.A. and M.T. are partially funded by the EU FP7 project ‘ROBIN’ (283093), with co-funding for E.A. from the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs (KB-14-003-030); B.C. [was supported in part by the US DOE (BER) NGEE-Tropics project (subcontract to LANL). O.L.P. is supported by an ERC Advanced Grant and is a Royal Society-Wolfson Research Merit Award holder. P.M. acknowledges support from ARC grant FT110100457 and NERC grants NE/J011002/1, and T.R.B. acknowledges support from a Leverhulme Trust Research Fellowship

The Forest Observation System, building a global reference dataset for remote sensing of forest biomass

International audienceForest biomass is an essential indicator for monitoring the Earth's ecosystems and climate. It is a critical input to greenhouse gas accounting, estimation of carbon losses and forest degradation, assessment of renewable energy potential, and for developing climate change mitigation policies such as REDD+, among others. Wall-to-wall mapping of aboveground biomass (aGB) is now possible with satellite remote sensing (RS). However, RS methods require extant, up-to-date, reliable, representative and comparable in situ data for calibration and validation. Here, we present the Forest Observation System (FOS) initiative, an international cooperation to establish and maintain a global in situ forest biomass database. aGB and canopy height estimates with their associated uncertainties are derived at a 0.25 ha scale from field measurements made in permanent research plots across the world's forests. all plot estimates are geolocated and have a size that allows for direct comparison with many RS measurements. The FOS offers the potential to improve the accuracy of RS-based biomass products while developing new synergies between the RS and ground-based ecosystem research communities