Utilidade social em empreendimentos da economia solidária: o caso das mulheres do artesanato (Natal/RN)

This dissertation aims to reveal, in the light of the construct social utility, dimensions of work and production in the solidarity economy based on the experiences of women in enterprises of the handicraft segment. The dissertation was derived from the project Social Management, Social Technologies and Sustainability: Incubation of Solidarity Economic Enterprises in the Municipality of Natal (2016/2017) originally fomented by the former National Secretariat of Solidarity Economy of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security by means of action research conducted by the Organization of Learning and Knowledge in Solidarity Initiatives and Studies in the Third Sector of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. Particularly, regarding the limited financial return and the questionable economic viability of the enterprises, by identifying precariousness in the organization of the enterprises, considering the predominance of informal groups with a reduced number of members. In terms of incomes, monthly compensation amounts below a minimum wage, very low income and even nonexistent, directly impact the permanence of the partners and the longevity of the enterprises. Despite the restriction of socioeconomic profile surveyed, the assumptions made are that crafts enterprises assume a condition of welfare promoters, because they link work and art, and in this condition, the economic dimension appears subordinated to social utility. In addition to this, it is assumed that the mechanisms of performance evaluation centered on the economic, monetary and market bias are not sufficient to evaluate economic enterprises in solidarity that assume high community representativeness and social relevance. As operational objectives, there is a) characterization of the dimensions of social utility in the productive practices of the ESS; b) to identify in the perspective of social utility the characteristic that explains the viability of the enterprises and c) to evidence contributions of the studied SEEs to the life of the associates and the community. Methodologically, this dissertation adopts a qualitative character of research, with descriptive-exploratory, cross-sectional objectives. The case study was considered and the data collection was done through observation and the realization of focus groups. In all, 12 focus groups were held, with 13 of the 17 groups mapped out to participate in the UFRN / SENAES / SEMTAS Natal cooperation project. The sessions were guided by a semistructured script and the data collected were analyzed through content analysis (BARDIN, 2011) and lexicographic analysis, with the aid of the free IRAMUTEQ analysis software. The software generated six interlaced analytical categories, derived from the textual corpus of data collection, which resemble the categories of analysis created based on the theoretical framework to understand the dimensions of social utility in associations. As results, it can be understood that the strongest variables in the process of explaining the feasibility of these enterprises were sociability and knowledge, not income, as in analyzes of traditional viabilities. It has been proved that the survival of these enterprises is not only due to economic and monetary bias. It happens through the social, cultural and affective relations of social utility and by the capacity of the enterprises to develop associative dynamics, to establish cooperative ties based on trust, solidarity and sense of belonging.Esta dissertação tem por objetivo revelar, à luz do construto utilidade social, dimensões do trabalho e da produção na economia solidária com base em vivências de mulheres em empreendimentos do segmento artesanato. A dissertação derivou-se do projeto Gestão Social, Tecnologias Sociais e Sustentabilidade: Incubação de Empreendimentos Econômicos Solidários no Município de Natal (2016/2017) originalmente fomentado pela então Secretaria Nacional de Economia Solidária do Ministério do Trabalho e Previdência Social por meio de pesquisa-ação conduzida pela Organização de Aprendizagem e Saberes em Iniciativas Solidárias e Estudos no Terceiro Setor da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Notadamente no que se refere ao limitado retorno financeiro e à questionável viabilidade econômica dos empreendimentos, ao identificar precariedade na forma de organização dos empreendimentos, atentando para a predominância de grupos informais, com número reduzido de sócios. Em termos de renda, os valores mensais de remuneração inferiores a um salário mínimo, rendimentos muito baixos e até mesmo inexistentes, impactam diretamente na permanência dos sócios e na longevidade dos empreendimentos. Apesar da restrição de perfil socioeconômico pesquisado, os pressupostos levantados são que os empreendimentos de artesanato assumem uma condição de promotores de bem-estar, por vincular trabalho e arte, e, nessa condição, a dimensão econômica aparece subordinada à utilidade social. Além deste, pressupõe-se que pode assumir é que os mecanismos de avaliação de desempenho centrados no viés economicista, monetário e de mercado, não são suficientes para avaliar empreendimentos econômicos solidários que assumem elevada representatividade comunitária e relevância social. Como objetivos operacionais, encontra-se a) caracterização das dimensões da utilidade social nas práticas produtivas dos EES; b) identificar na perspectiva da utilidade social a característica que explica a viabilidade dos empreendimentos e c) evidenciar contribuições dos EES estudados para vida das associadas e da comunidade. Metodologicamente, essa dissertação adota um caráter qualitativo de pesquisa, com objetivos descritivos-exploratórios, de corte transversal. Considerou-se o estudo de caso e a coleta de dados se deu por intermédio de observação e da realização de grupos focais. Ao todo, foram realizados 12 grupos focais, com 13 dos 17 grupos mapeados para participar do projeto de cooperação UFRN/SENAES/SEMTAS Natal. As sessões foram norteadas por um roteiro semiestruturado e os dados coletados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011) e análise lexicográfica, com auxílio do software livre de análise IRAMUTEQ. O software gerou seis categorias analíticas entrelaçadas, oriundas do corpus textual da coleta de dados, que se assemelham as categorias de análise criadas com base no referencial teórico para compreender as dimensões da utilidade social nas associações. Como resultados, pode-se compreender que as variáveis mais fortes no processo de explicar a viabilidade destes empreendimentos foram a sociabilidade e o conhecimento e não a variável renda, como em análises de viabilidades tradicionais. Comprovou-se que a sobrevivência desses empreendimentos, não se dá apenas pelo viés econômico e monetário. Acontece pelas relações sociais, culturais e afetivas da utilidade social e pela capacidade de os empreendimentos desenvolverem dinâmicas associativas, estabelecerem laços cooperativos com base na confiança, na solidariedade e sensação de pertencimento

Inserção e institucionalização da política pública de economia solidária na agenda governamental

O artigo analisa a inserção de políticas públicas voltadas à economia solidária na agenda governamental do Rio Grande do Norte e no Brasil, tendo como aporte teórico a literatura relacionada às políticas públicas e o modelo de Kingdon (2014). Busca-se entender quais fatores e motivos possibilitaram a emergência, implantação e consolidação desta temática. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, os dados foram coletados por entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores-chave do movimento da economia solidária no contexto nacional e estadual. Utilizou-se triangulação e análise de conteúdo, com auxílio do software AtlasTI©7. Os resultados indicam que a política da economia solidária entra na agenda do governo federal a partir da pressão da sociedade civil organizada aliado ao aparecimento de uma janela de oportunidade com chegada ao poder de um partido permeável à política. O Governo Federal assume protagonismo na coordenação federativa, no financiamento da política e na indução de sua implementação no nível local (estados e municípios), entretanto, este processo não ocorre de forma articulada e estruturada, culminando na implantação de ações e programas isolados.   

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved