Role of signalling molecules in behaviours mediated by the δ opioid receptor agonist SNC80

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142438/1/bph14131.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142438/2/bph14131-sup-0001-Supplementary-Data_S1.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142438/3/bph14131_am.pd

Les disparités territoriales dans l'accès aux formations d'élite: La situation des Pays de la Loire au regard des autres régions françaises

La formation des élites demeure un sujet controversé entre les partisans de la suppression des grandes écoles, de leur fusion au sein des universités ou de leur maintien. Alors que dans la plupart des autres pays l’Université assure seule la formation des élites, le système français est organisé de telle sorte qu’une partie des futures élites administratives, managériales, intellectuelles, politiques et scientifiques est sélectionnée, préparée et formée dans des structures non universitaires : les « grandes écoles » et les classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE). Autre particularité du système : ces classes préparatoires relèvent de l’enseignement supérieur alors qu’elles se situent dans des établissements d’enseignement secondaire. Instituées au XVIIIe siècle (Belhoste, 2003), elles accueillent actuellement 81135 étudiants, soit 3,5% des étudiants (RERS, 2010). Leur représentation n’a quasiment pas évolué depuis 1970 (3,8%), malgré une croissance forte des effectifs, notamment durant la période 1985-1995 avec la création de nouvelles divisons, essentiellement dans les filières scientifiques et dans une moindre mesure, économiques et commerciales.Ces classes suscitent de vives critiques : plus coûteuses – le coût moyen d’un préparationnaire était en 2007 de 15080 euros contre 9120 euros pour un étudiant des universités – , faisant preuve d’une faible ouverture sociale (Euriat et Thélot, 1995 ; Duru-Bellat et Kieffer, 2008) – 51,1% d’enfants de cadre supérieur en 2009 vs 29,7% à l’Université – , territorialement inéquitables (Bodin, 2007) – les effectifs sont concentrés en Ile-de-France et dans les grandes métropoles régionales – et d’une « productivité » moyenne (Michaut, à paraître) – sur 100 néo-inscrits en CPGE scientifiques , seuls 50% intégreront une grande école en deux années de préparation et la situation est bien plus problématique dans la filière littéraire avec seulement 8% d’intégrés (Lemaire, 2008). A l’inverse, les « gardiens du temple » défendent un modèle d’excellence à la française qui favorise l’apprentissage de certaines compétences chez les étudiants, leur assurant ainsi une meilleure insertion professionnelle et de meilleurs salaires (Adangnikou, 2007 ; Giret, 2009).Les recherches se sont, jusqu’à présent, essentiellement focalisées sur le territoire national, sans faire apparaitre les éventuelles spécificités des « prépas de proximité » ou des CPGE des établissements privés. De même, les caractéristiques, les conditions de travail et les représentations des enseignants qui font souvent figure d’élites dans le corps professoral du secondaire ont été peu étudiées. Ce rapport offre des éléments de réponse en s’appuyant sur les recherches entreprises par des chercheurs du Centre de recherche en éducation de Nantes (CREN-Université de Nantes), du Centre Nantais en sociologie (CENS-Université de Nantes), du Laboratoire de Recherche en Education et Formation (LAREF-Université Catholique de l’Ouest), du Laboratoire d'Economie et de Sociologie du Travail (LEST-CNRS) et de l’Observatoire sociologique du changement (OSC- Sciences.Po). Il éclaire également les débats sur les projets de réformes en cours (30% de boursiers en CPGE, dispositif d’ouverture sociale) et aborde de nouvelles problématiques, notamment l’endorecrutement des établissements.La recherche est articulée autour de quatre axes :- les disparités territoriales de recrutement des classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles ;- les conditions d’études et les parcours scolaires des étudiants des filières d’excellence ;- Les stratégies des personnels des lycées ;- Les politiques d'ouverture sociale et les dispositifs innovants de l’Education nationale, des collectivités territoriales et des établissements d'enseignement

The Development of Functional Overreaching Is Associated with a Faster Heart Rate Recovery in Endurance Athletes

Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate whether heart rate recovery (HRR) may represent an effective marker of functional overreaching (f-OR) in endurance athletes. Methods and Results Thirty-one experienced male triathletes were tested (10 control and 21 overload subjects) before (Pre), and immediately after an overload training period (Mid) and after a 2-week taper (Post). Physiological responses were assessed during an incremental cycling protocol to exhaustion, including heart rate, catecholamine release and blood lactate concentration. Ten participants from the overload group developed signs of f-OR at Mid (i.e. -2.1 ± 0.8% change in performance associated with concomitant high perceived fatigue). Additionally, only the f-OR group demonstrated a 99% chance of increase in HRR during the overload period (+8 ± 5 bpm, large effect size). Concomitantly, this group also revealed a >80% chance of decreasing blood lactate (-11 ± 14%, large), plasma norepinephrine (-12 ± 37%, small) and plasma epinephrine peak concentrations (-51 ± 22%, moderate). These blood measures returned to baseline levels at Post. HRR change was negatively correlated to changes in performance, peak HR and peak blood metabolites concentrations. Conclusion These findings suggest that i) a faster HRR is not systematically associated with improved physical performance, ii) changes in HRR should be interpreted in the context of the specific training phase, the athletes perceived level of fatigue and the performance response; and, iii) the faster HRR associated with f-OR may be induced by a decreased central commandand by a lower chemoreflex activity

The Hordaland Women's Cohort: A prospective cohort study of incontinence, other urinary tract symptoms and related health issues in middle-aged women

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent symptom in middle-aged women, but data on incidence is limited and rarely reported. In order to analyze incidence, remission, or development patterns of severity and types of UI, we have established a 15-year prospective cohort (1997–2012).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The Cohort is based on the national collection of health data gathered from county studies (CONOR). Hordaland Health Study (HUSK) is one of them from Hordaland County. Each of the county studies may have local sub-studies and our Cohort is one of them. The Cohort included women aged 40–45 in order to have a broad approach to women's health including UI and other lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). A onefifth random sampling from HUSK was used to create the Cohort in 1997–1999. For the necessary sample size a preliminary power calculation, based on a 70% response rate at inclusion and 5% annual attrition rates was used. The Cohort is planned to collect data through questionnaires every second year for the 15-year period from 1997–2012.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The Cohort represents a relatively large random sample (N = 2,230) of about 15% of the total population of women born between 1953–57 in the county of Hordaland. Our data shows that the cohort population is very similar to the source population. The baseline demographic, social and medical characteristics of the Cohort are compared with the rest of women in HUSK (N = 7,746) and there were no significant differences between them except for the level of education (P = 0.001) and yearly income (P = 0.018), which were higher in the Cohort population. Urological characteristics of participants from the Cohort (N = 1,920) were also compared with the other participants (N = 3,400). There were no significant statistical differences except for somewhat more urinary continence (P = 0.04), more stress incontinence (P = 0.048) and smaller amount of leakage (P = 0.015) in the Cohort. In conclusion, the Cohort ispopulation-based, with little selection bias, and thus is a rather unique study forinvestigating UI and LUTS in comparison with many other projects with similar purposes.</p

Low Circulating IGF-I Bioactivity in Elderly Men is associated with Increased Mortality

Context: Low IGF-I signaling activity prolongs lifespan in certain animal models, but the precise role of IGF-I in human survival remains controversial. The IGF-I kinase receptor activation assay (IGF-I KIRA) is a novel method for measuring IGF-I bioactivity in human serum. We speculated that determination of circulating IGF-I bioactivity is more informative than levels of immunoreactive IGFI. Objective: To study IGF-I bioactivity in relation to human survival. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: A clinical research center at a university hospital. Study participants: 376 healthy elderly men (aged 73 to 94 years). Main outcome Measures: IGF-I bioactivity was determined by the IGF-I KIRA. Total and free IGF-I were determined by IGF-I immunoassays. Mortality was registered during follow-up (mean 82 months). Results: During the follow-up period of 8.6 years 170 men (45%) died. Survival of subjects in the highest quartile of IGF-I bioactivity was significantly better than in the lowest quartile, both in the total study group (HR = 1.8, (95% CI: 1.2 − 2.8, p = 0.01) as well as in subgroups having a medical history of cardiovascular disease (HR = 2.4 (95% CI: 1.3 − 4.3, p = 0.003) or a high inflammatory risk profile (HR = 2.3 (95% CI: 1.2 − 4.5, p = 0.01). Significant relationships were not observed for total or free IGF-I. Conclusion: Our study suggests that a relatively high circulating IGF-I bioactivity in elderly men is associated with extended survival and with reduced cardiovascular risk

Comorbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus: impact on medical health care utilization

BACKGROUND: Comorbidity has been shown to intensify health care utilization and to increase medical care costs for patients with diabetes. However, most studies have been focused on one health care service, mainly hospital care, or limited their analyses to one additional comorbid disease, or the data were based on self-reported questionnaires instead of health care registration data. The purpose of this study is to estimate the effects a broad spectrum of of comorbidities on the type and volume of medical health care utilization of patients with diabetes. METHODS: By linking general practice and hospital based registrations in the Netherlands, data on comorbidity and health care utilization of patients with diabetes (n = 7,499) were obtained. Comorbidity was defined as diabetes-related comorbiiabetes-related comorbidity. Multilevel regression analyses were applied to estimate the effects of comorbidity on health care utilization. RESULTS: Our results show that both diabetes-related and non diabetes-related comorbidity increase the use of medical care substantially in patients with diabetes. Having both diabeterelated and non diabetes-related comorbidity incrases the demand for health care even more. Differences in health care utilization patterns were observed between the comorbidities. CONCLUSION: Non diabetes-related comorbidity increases the health care demand as much as diabetes-related comorbidity. Current single-disease approach of integrated diabetes care should be extended with additional care modules, which must be generic and include multiple diseases in order to meet the complex health care demands of patients with diabetes in the future

An IGF-I promoter polymorphism modifies the relationships between birth weight and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes at age 36

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether IGF-I promoter polymorphism was associated with birth weight and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and whether the birth weight – risk factor relationship was the same for each genotype. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: 264 subjects (mean age 36 years) had data available on birth weight, IGF-I promoter polymorphism genotype, CVD and T2DM risk factors. Student's t-test and regression analyses were applied to analyse differences in birth weight and differences in the birth weight – risk factors relationship between the genotypes. RESULTS: Male variant carriers (VCs) of the IGF-I promoter polymorphism had a 0.2 kg lower birth weight than men with the wild type allele (p = 0.009). Of the risk factors for CVD and T2DM, solely LDL concentration was associated with the genotype for the polymorphism. Most birth weight – risk factor relationships were stronger in the VC subjects; among others the birth weight – systolic blood pressure relationship: 1 kg lower birth weight was related to an 8.0 mmHg higher systolic blood pressure CONCLUSION: The polymorphism in the promoter region of the IGF-I gene is related to birth weight in men only, and to LDL concentration only. Furthermore, the genotype for this polymorphism modified the relationships between birth weight and the risk factors, especially for systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Patient risk profiles and practice variation in nonadherence to antidepressants, antihypertensives and oral hypoglycemics

BACKGROUND: Many patients experience difficulties in following treatment recommendations. This study's objective is to identify nonadherence risk profiles regarding medication (antidepressants, antihypertensives, and oral hypoglycemics) from a combination of patients' socio-demographic characteristics, morbidity presented within general practice and medication characteristics. An additional objective is to explore differences in nonadherence among patients from different general practices. METHODS: Data were obtained by linkage of a Dutch general practice registration database to a dispensing registration database from the year 2001. Subjects included in the analyses were users of antidepressants (n = 4,877), antihypertensives (n = 14,219), or oral hypoglycemics (n = 2,428) and their GPs. Outcome variables were: 1) early dropout i.e., a maximum of two prescriptions and 2) refill nonadherence (in patients with 3+ prescriptions); refill adherence < 80% was considered as nonadherence. Multilevel modeling was used for analyses. RESULTS: Both early dropout and refill nonadherence were highest for antidepressants, followed by antihypertensives. Risk factors appeared medication specific and included: 1) non-western immigrants being more vulnerable for nonadherence to antihypertensives and antidepressants; 2) type of medication influencing nonadherence in both antihypertensives and antidepressants, 3) GP consultations contributing positively to adherence to antihypertensives and 4) somatic co-morbidity influencing adherence to antidepressants negatively. There was a considerable range between general practices in the proportion of patients who were nonadherent. CONCLUSION: No clear risk profiles for nonadherence could be constructed. Characteristics that are correlated with nonadherence vary across different types of medication. Moreover, both patient and prescriber influence adherence. Especially non-western immigrants need more attention with regard to nonadherence, for example by better monitoring or communication. Since it is not clear which prescriber characteristics influence adherence levels of their patients, there is need for further research into the role of the prescriber