O não-poder do papa em Guilherme de Ockham

Os escritos políticos de Ockham giram ao redor da pergunta a respeito do poder do papa. Como esse poder foi concedido por Cristo, deve-se consultar a Sagrada Escritura para saber o que ela diz a respeito. Mas a exegese bíblica cabe aos teólogos e não aos juristas. Na qualidade de teólogo Ockham afirma que os poderes do papa situam-se na ordem espiritual e mesmo nessa ordem ele não é ilimitado, pois se atém ao que foi concedido expressamente por Cristo e deve respeitar a liberdade dos fiéi

El tratado De lege de Tomás de Aquino: una relectura de las cuestiones sobre la ley divina

The author studies the De lege treatise of Saint Thomas Aquinas (S.Th. 1-Ilae, qq. 90-108), examining the causes that induced Saint Thomas to write this treatise, as well as the subjects of the community of men regarding God, the rationality of divine law and the connections existing between eternal law, natural law and positive law. In his conclusion he underlines the differences existing between Saint Thomas’ and Duns Scotus’ positions regarding the question of natural law.El presente trabajo estudia el tratado De lege de Santo Tomás de Aquino (S.Th. 1-Ilae, qq. 90-108) al examinar las causas que llevaron a Santo Tomás a escribir este tratado. A su vez, se analizan los siguientes temas: la figura de la comunidad de los hombres en relación con Dios, la racionalidad de la ley divina y las conexiones existentes entre la ley eterna, la ley natural y la ley positiva. En la conclusión se subrayan las diferencias que operan entre las posiciones de Santo Tomás y Duns Escoto en relación con la cuestión de la ley natural

El tratado de Lege de Tomás de Aquino : una relectura de las cuestiones sobre la ley divina

Fil: Boni, Luis Alberto de. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Río Grande del Sur; Brasil.The author studies the De Lege treatise of Saint Thomas Aquinas (S.Th. I-IIae, qq. 90-108), examining the causes that induced Saint Thomas to write this treatise, as well as the subjects of the community of men regarding God, the rationality of divine law and the connections existing between eternal law, natural law and positive law. In his conclusion he underlines the differences existing between Saint Thomas and Duns Scotus positions regarding the question of natural law

O debate sobre a pobreza como problema politico nos séculos XIII e XIV

The author deals with the 13th century approach to poverty, paying attention to the struggle following St. Francis’ death between adherents of the strict and those of the lax observance of the rule, i.e., the Spirituals or Zelanti and the Observants. After examining the teachings of John Peter Olivi (1248?-1298), he finally shows how the Pope John XXII was obliged to intervene in those bitter quarrels, condemning as heretical many of the doctrines on evangelical poverty.Este artículo analiza el tratamiento de la pobreza en el siglo XIII, prestando especial atención a la disputa que siguió a la muerte de San Francisco entre los adherentes a una observancia estricta de la regla y aquellos que llamaban a una observancia laxa: los Espirituales o Zelanti y los Observantes. Luego de examinar las enseñanzas de Juan Pedro Olivi (1248?-1298), finalmente analizamos cómo el Papa Juan XXII fue obligado a intervenir en estas disputas amargas y terminó condenando como heréticas a muchas de las doctrinas sobre la pobreza evangélica

Ley y ley natural en Duns Escoto (¿Hobbes lector de Escoto?)

Canonical divisions of the history of philosophy usually present as drastic the break between Medieval and Modern thinking. One can genuinely ask whether that rupture has not started in the Middle Ages and to what extent many of the elements that characterise the Modernity are already present in that period. In that sense, the article seeks to establish some similarities between Medieval and Modern thinking, particularly the aspects concerning the relationships between the ethical-political thinking of Duns Scotus and some ideas of Hobbes, that, after a detailed study, reveal themselves as heirs of Medieval philosophical thinking.Las divisiones canónicas de la Historia de la Filosofía generalmente presentan como drástico el quiebre entre el pensamiento medieval y moderno. Se podría genuinamente preguntar si esta ruptura no comenzó, más bien, en el propio Medioevo y hasta qué punto muchos de los elementos que caracterizan a la Modernidad ya estaban presentes en este período. En esta lína, el artículo busca establecer algunas semejanzas entre el pensamiento medieval y moderno, particularmente en los asceptos que conciernen las relaciones entre el pensamiento ético-político en Duns Escoto y algunas ideas de Hobbes que, luego de un cuidado estudio, se revelan a sí mismas como herederas del pensamiento filosófico medieval

A influência da filosofia européia sobre o pensamento brasileiro

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Sobre a vida e a obra de Duns Scotus

Both the life and the Works of John Duns Scotus (1266-1308) represent a problem for researchers due to the poverty of documental sources for the first purpose and to the bad shape of the manuscripts for the second aim. In this essay, it is going to be presented what critical historical studies achieved in the last century about Scotus’s biography, thanks to researches in archives and to the careful work of critical editions.Tanto la vida como la obra de Duns Scoto representan un problema para los estudiosos debido a la pobreza de fuentes documentadas respecto a su vida, y al mal estado de los manuscritos para lo que respecta a su obra. Así, en este ensayo presentaremos lo que los estudios críticos históricos han compilado en el último siglo acerca de la biografía de Duns Scoto, gracias a las investigaciones realizadas en archivos y el trabajo cuidado de las ediciones críticas

Ley y ley natural en Duns Escoto : ¿Hobbes lector de Escoto?

Fil: de Boni, Luis Alberto. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Río Grande del Sur; Brasil.Canonical divisions of the history of philosophy usually present as drastic the break between Medieval and Modern thinking. One can genuinely ask whether that rupture has not started in the Middle Ages and to what extent many of the elements that characterise the Modernity are already present in that period. In that sense, the article seeks to establish some similarities between Medieval and Modern thinking, particularly the aspects concerning the relationships between the ethical-political thinking of Duns Scotus and some ideas of Hobbes, that, after a detailed study reveal themselves as heirs of Medieval philosophical thinking

O debate sobre a pobreza como problema político nos séculos XIII e XIV

Fil: Boni, Luis Alberto de. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Río Grande del Sur, Brasil.The author deals with the 13th century approach to poverty, paying attention to the struggle following St. Francis's death between adherents of the strict and those of the lax observance of the rule, i.e., the Spirituals or Zelanti and the Observants. After examining the teachings of John Peter Olivi (1248?-1298), he finally shows how the Pope John XXII was obliged to intervene in those bitter quarrels, condemning as heretical many of the doctrines on evangelical poverty.Certos debates do passado podem parecer a nós, separados deles por séculos de distância, como meras e vãs logomaquias de acadêmicos desocu-pados. Entretanto, se os estudarmos a fundo, constataremos que muitos tiveram um significado ideológico importante, por colocarem em questão o sist.ema de valores da sociedade em que acont.eceram. Este foi certamente o caso do debate a respeito da pobreza nos séculos XIII e XIV; como procurarei demonstrar

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London