Design and Testing Novel One-Class Classifier Based on Polynomial Interpolation With Application to Networking Security

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Design and experimental assessment of anomaly detection real-time techniques for automotive cybersecurity

Utilizzando le tecniche di fingerprinting disponibili in letteratura, associate all'uso di reti neurali, questo lavoro mira a sviluppare, su sistemi embedded a basso costo, un sistema di rilevamento delle anomalie che permette di identificare attacchi o comportamenti anomali nel bus CAN. L'idea principale si basa quindi sull'uso di tecniche e sull'analisi dei risultati di un approccio sperimentale basato sull'uso di sistemi embedded. Il lavoro è sviluppato in tre parti: la prima parte si occupa dell'uso di tecniche di fingerprinting su sistemi embedded e l'acquisizione di dati per l'addestramento delle reti neurali con l'analisi dei risultati finali. La seconda parte utilizza le tecniche sviluppate nel precedente capitolo per progettare un algoritmo di rilevamento delle anomalie su un sistema embedded basato sui risultati della rete neurale. Una volta verificato il corretto funzionamento, vengono simulati i tipici scenari di attacco CAN. Infine, è stato effettuato un test termico per valutare la robustezza dell'algoritmo a diverse temperature. Nella terza parte verranno discusse le conclusioni e i possibili sviluppi futuri. Nell ultima parte, è stata aggiunta un'appendice come riferimento ai codici. Using the fingerprinting techniques available in the literature, combined with the use of neural networks, this work aims at developing, on low cost embedded systems, an anomaly detection system that allows to identify attacks or anomalous behaviour in the CAN bus. The main idea is therefore based on the use of techniques and the analysis of the results of an experimental approach based on the use of embedded systems. The work is developed in three parts: the first part deals with the use of fingerprinting techniques on embedded systems and the acquisition of data for the training of neural networks with the analysis of the final results. The second part uses the techniques developed in the previous chapter to design an anomaly detection algorithm on an embedded system based on the results of the neural network. Once the correct functioning has been verified, typical CAN attack scenarios are simulated. Finally, a thermal test is performed to evaluate the robustness of the algorithm at different temperatures. In the third part, the conclusions and possible future developments will be discussed. In the last part, an appendix has been added as a reference to the codes

Present and future antipsychotic drugs: A systematic review of the putative mechanisms of action for efficacy and a critical appraisal under a translational perspective

: Antipsychotics represent the mainstay of schizophrenia pharmacological therapy, and their role has been expanded in the last years to mood disorders treatment. Although introduced in 1952, many years of research were required before an accurate picture of how antipsychotics work began to emerge. Despite the well-recognized characterization of antipsychotics in typical and atypical based on their liability to induce motor adverse events, their main action at dopamine D2R to elicit the "anti-psychotic" effect, as well as the multimodal action at other classes of receptors, their effects on intracellular mechanisms starting with receptor occupancy is still not completely understood. Significant lines of evidence converge on the impact of these compounds on multiple molecular signaling pathways implicated in the regulation of early genes and growth factors, dendritic spine shape, brain inflammation, and immune response, tuning overall the function and architecture of the synapse. Here we present, based on PRISMA approach, a comprehensive and systematic review of the above mechanisms under a translational perspective to disentangle those intracellular actions and signaling that may underline clinically relevant effects and represent potential targets for further innovative strategies in antipsychotic therapy

Removal of Forever Chemicals from Aqueous Solutions through Adsorption on Swellable Organically Modified Silicas

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), also called forever chemicals, are known for their high physicochemical stability. In the last decades, these chemicals have been widely employed for numerous industrial applications. However, their persistence in the environment has increasingly raised concern regarding their potential toxicity to living organisms including humans. Hence, the need for their removal demands the development of efficient methods to reduce their environmental impact. Here, a quaternary ammonium swellable organically modified silica (QASOMS) is used for the removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) via liquid phase adsorption. Adsorption of the pollutants was quantified using an optimized quantitative liquid phase 19F NMR method. QASOMS exhibited good adsorption capacities for all three PFASs; the highest uptake was measured for PFOA and was equal to 0.635 mmol/g at a concentration of 1.89 mM. Fast adsorption kinetics were also found for all three PFASs, showing approximately 93% of PFAS removal from the aqueous solutions after 6 h of contact. Finally, host-guest interactions between the adsorbed PFAS and the surface of QASOMS were investigated via SS-NMR spectroscopy

Prenatal N-acetyl-cysteine administration prevents social anxiety and modulates brain immune- and plasticity-related genes in adolescent offspring born from high-fat diet C57Bl6/N mouse dams

Aims Maternal obesity is associated to increased oxidative stress (OS) representing a risk factor for adult mental health however the mechanisms underlying the negative long-term effects are poorly understood. We investigated inflammation, OS and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in a mouse model of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) as potential mechanisms affecting brain development and emotional behaviour in the offspring. We also tested the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) in preventing the long-term effects of HFD consumption during pregnancy. Methods Female C57BL/6N mice were fed HFD before and during pregnancy (13 weeks); after 5 weeks, half of them received NAC (1g/kg) for 8 weeks. Emotionality and social behaviour of male and female adolescent offspring (35-45 days) were assessed through the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the social interaction test (SIT); plasma corticosterone levels were assessed under basal conditions and following an acute stress. Gene expression levels of CD68, Bdnf and Nrf2 were measured in hippocampus as markers of microglial activation, brain plasticity and antioxidant capacity respectively by RealTime PCR. We focused on adolescence, an age of vulnerability for the onset of psychopathology. Results HFD offspring showed reduced exploration in the EPM and sociability in the SIT. These effects were associated to decreased hippocampal Bdnf levels in females while males showed increased CD68 expression and reduced basal corticosterone levels. Prenatal NAC administration prevented social anxiety, restored HPA axis basal activity in males and Bdnf levels in females. These effects may be partly mediated by Nrf2, an important regulator of antioxidant defence, as indicated by its upregulation in the hippocampus of both sexes. Conclusions Prenatal HFD showed detrimental sex-dependent effects on brain, neuroendocrine function and emotional behaviour; these changes were buffered by prenatal NAC suggesting that immune and OS signalling may play an important role in foetal programming of adult diseases. Funding: ERANET-NEURON-JTC-2018 Project EMBE

Vulnerability and resilience to prenatal stress exposure: behavioral and molecular characterization in adolescent rats

Abstract Exposure to stress can lead to long lasting behavioral and neurobiological consequences, which may enhance the susceptibility for the onset of mental disorders. However, there are significant individual differences in the outcome of stress exposure since only a percentage of exposed individuals may show pathological consequences, whereas others appear to be resilient. In this study, we aimed to characterize the effects of prenatal stress (PNS) exposure in rats at adolescence and to identify subgroup of animals with a differential response to the gestational manipulation. PNS adolescent offspring (regardless of sex) showed impaired emotionality in different pathological domains, such as anhedonia, anxiety, and sociability. However, using cluster analysis of the behavioral data we could identify 70% of PNS-exposed animals as vulnerable (PNS-vul), whereas the remaining 30% were considered resilient (PNS-res). At the molecular level, we found that PNS-res males show a reduced basal activation of the ventral hippocampus whereas other regions, such as amygdala and dorsal hippocampus, show significant PNS-induced changes regardless from vulnerability or resilience. Taken together, our results provide evidence of the variability in the behavioral and neurobiological effects of PNS-exposed offspring at adolescence. While these data may advance our understanding of the association between exposure to stress during gestation and the risk for psychopathology, the investigation of the mechanisms associated to stress vulnerability or resilience may be instrumental to develop novel strategies for therapeutic intervention

Inflammation and neuronal plasticity: a link between childhood trauma and depression pathogenesis

none7siAnnamaria Cattaneo; Flavia Macchi; Giona Plazzotta; Begni Veronica; Luisella Bocchio-Chiavetto; Marco Andrea Riva; Carmine Maria ParianteAnnamaria, Cattaneo; Flavia, Macchi; Giona, Plazzotta; Begni, Veronica; BOCCHIO CHIAVETTO, Luisella; Marco Andrea, Riva; Carmine Maria, Pariant