Bygglovsärenden - tillämpning av mindre avvikelse från detaljplan

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur lagens krav på mindre avvikelse från detaljplan i bygglovsärenden tillämpas i två kommuner. Uppsatsen beskriver om det, ur ett rättsligt perspektiv, föreligger några problem vid tillämpningen. Två metoder har använts&semic rättsdogmatisk litteraturstudie och en fallstudie av två kommuners bygglovärenden. Intervjuer med respektive kommuns handläggare har även genomförts. Kommunerna har en stor frihet, genom sitt planmonopol, att besluta om hur marken får bebyggas genom att upprätta bindande detaljplaner. Plan- och bygglagen ställer dock upp specifika krav på planläggningen bl.a. att marken endast får bebyggas om den anses som lämplig för ändamålet. För att enskilda ska kunna bebygga sin mark krävs det bygglov. Huvudregeln är att bygglov endast kan beviljas av kommunen om åtgärden är i enlighet med detaljplanen. Det enda undantaget som ges i lagen och som ska tolkas restriktivt är om åtgärden är en mindre avvikelse förenlig med detaljplanens syfte. Förarbetena och praxis ger en diffus vägledning om hur begreppet ska tolkas och tillämpas. ''Mindre'' ska tolkas relativt och inte mätas i absoluta mått utan istället bedömas i varje enskilt fall. Tolkningsutrymmet för kommunerna blir därför stort. Vanligt förekommande avvikelser i bygglovsärenden är överskridande av byggrätten och byggnadshöjden, åtgärder på mark som inte får bebyggas (prickad mark) samt placering av byggnad för nära tomtgräns. Hur dessa avvikelser ska tolkas ger förarbetena och praxis inget entydigt svar på, vilket avspeglas i kommunernas beslut. Det blir därför svårt att bedöma om besluten följer rättsläget. Fallstudien uppvisar ett flertal problem som uppstår vid respektive kommuns tillämpning. Bl.a. visar det sig att begreppet tolkas alltför extensivt, att dokumentationen av besluten är undermåliga och att grannars samtycke till en planstridig åtgärd ges stort utrymme vid beslutsfattandet. I några fall leder planmonopolets generösa tolkningsutrymme direkt till lagstridiga beslut. Ett nytt lagförslag har lagts fram med rekommendation att ändra ''mindre'' till ''godtagbar''. Syftet är att få en bättre följsamhet mellan gällande rätt och begreppets extensiva tillämpning i praktiken. Även om det föreligger en del brister i lagförslaget är det en god bit på väg mot mer enhetliga och lagenliga kommunala beslut. Lagförslaget ligger även i linje med handläggarnas önskemål om möjligheten till en mer generös tillämpning. Det ligger i juridikens natur att det ska finnas ett visst tolkningsutrymme av gällande rätt men det svåra är att hitta rätt balans i rättstillämpningen. Uppsatsens resultat visar på att tillämpningen till viss del är ur balans, vilket pekar på behovet av en översyn av gällande rätt på nationell nivå för att uppnå en mer objektiv, enhetlig och rättssäker tillämpning

Behavioral Sensitivity of Temporally Modulated Striatal Neurons

Recent investigations into the neural mechanisms that underlie temporal perception have revealed that the striatum is an important contributor to interval timing processes, and electrophysiological recording studies have shown that the firing rates of striatal neurons are modulated by the time in a trial at which an operant response is made. However, it remains unclear whether striatal firing rate modulations are related to the passage of time alone (i.e., whether temporal information is represented in an “abstract” manner independent of other attributes of biological importance), or whether this temporal information is embedded within striatal activity related to co-occurring contextual information, such as motor behaviors. This study evaluated these two hypotheses by recording from striatal neurons while rats performed a temporal production task. Rats were trained to respond at different nosepoke apertures for food reward under two simultaneously active reinforcement schedules: a variable-interval (VI-15 s) schedule and a fixed-interval (FI-15 s) schedule of reinforcement. Responding during a trial occurred in a sequential manner composing three phases; VI responding, FI responding, VI responding. The vast majority of task-sensitive striatal neurons (95%) varied their firing rates associated with equivalent behaviors (e.g., periods in which their snout was held within the nosepoke) across these behavioral phases, and 96% of cells varied their firing rates for the same behavior within a phase, thereby demonstrating their sensitivity to time. However, in a direct test of the abstract timing hypothesis, 91% of temporally modulated “hold” cells were further modulated by the overt motor behaviors associated with transitioning between nosepokes. As such, these data are inconsistent with the striatum representing time in an “abstract’ manner, but support the hypothesis that temporal information is embedded within contextual and motor functions of the striatum

Fast Forward: Supramarginal Gyrus Stimulation Alters Time Measurement

The neural basis of temporal processing is unclear. We addressed this important issue by performing two experiments in which repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was administered in different sessions to the left or right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) or vertex; in both tasks, two visual stimuli were presented serially and subjects were asked to judge if the second stimulus was longer than the first (standard) stimulus. rTMS was presented on 50% of trials. Consistent with a previous literature demonstrating the effect of auditory clicks on temporal judgment, rTMS was associated with a tendency to perceive the paired visual stimulus as longer in all conditions. Crucially, rTMS to the right SMG was associated with a significantly greater subjective prolongation of the associated visual stimulus in both experiments. These findings demonstrate that the right SMG is an important element of the neural system underlying temporal processing and, as discussed, have implications for neural and cognitive models of temporal perception and attention

DR-bearing T lymphocytes in thoracic duct lymph

T cells having DR antigens were shown to be present in high numbers in the thoracic duct lymph of patients undergoing long-term drainage. As drainage progresses the proportion of T DR cells in the lymph increases to levels as high as 70% at 6 weeks. These cells were demonstrated by showing that T cells isolated by sheep red cell rosetting were killed by the action of rabbit anti-B-cell sera and of HLA-DR antisera. The HLA-DR specificities found on the T cells corresponded with those on the patients’ B lymphocytes

Effects of dorsal hippocampal damage on conditioning and conditioned-response timing: a pooled analysis

Behavioral findings suggest that the dorsal hippocampus (DHPC) plays a role in timing of appetitive conditioned responding. The present article explored the relationship between the extent of DHPC damage and timing ability, in a pooled analysis of three published studies from our laboratory. Initial analyses of variance confirmed our previous reports that DHPC damage reduced peak time (a measure of timing accuracy). However, the spread (a measure of timing precision) was unchanged, such that the coefficient of variation (spread/peak time) was significantly larger in DHPC-lesioned animals. This implies that, in addition to the well-established effect of DHPC lesions on timing accuracy, DHPC damage produced a deficit in precision of timing. To complement this analysis, different generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) were performed on the combined dataset, to examine which combinations of the different behavioral measures of timing were the best predictors of the degree of hippocampal damage. The results from the GLMM analysis suggested that the greater the DHPC damage, the greater the absolute difference between the observed peak time and reinforced duration. Nevertheless, this systematic relationship between damage and performance was not specific to the temporal domain: paradoxically the greater the damage the greater the magnitude of peak responding. We discuss these lesion effects in terms of scalar timing theory

Unifying prospective and retrospective interval-time estimation: a fading-gaussian activation-based model of interval-timing

Hass and Hermann (2012) have shown that only variance-based processes will lead to the scalar growth of error that is characteristic of human time judgments. Secondly, a major meta-review of over one hundred studies (Block et al., 2010) reveals a striking interaction between the way in which temporal judgments are queried and cognitive load on participants’ judgments of interval duration. For retrospective time judgments, estimates under high cognitive load are longer than under low cognitive load. For prospective judgments, the reverse pattern holds, with increased cognitive load leading to shorter estimates. We describe GAMIT, a Gaussian spreading-activation model, in which the sampling rate of an activation trace is differentially affected by cognitive load. The model unifies prospective and retrospective time estimation, normally considered separately, by relating them to the same underlying process. The scalar property of time estimation arises naturally from the model dynamics and the model shows the appropriate interaction between mode of query and cognitive load

Action, arousal and subjective time

Saccadic chronostasis refers to the subjective temporal lengthening of the first visual stimulus perceived after an eye movement. It has been quantified using a duration discrimination task. Most models of human duration discrimination hypothesise an internal clock. These models could explain chronostasis as a transient increase in internal clock speed due to arousal following a saccade, leading to temporal overestimation. Two experiments are described which addressed this hypothesis by parametrically varying the duration of the stimuli that are being judged. Changes in internal clock speed predict chronostasis effects proportional to stimulus duration. No evidence for proportionality was found. Two further experiments assessed the appropriateness of the control conditions employed. Results indicated that the chronostasis effect is constant across a wide range of stimulus durations and does not reflect the pattern of visual stimulation experienced during a saccade, suggesting that arousal is not critical. Instead, alternative processes, such as one affecting the onset of timing (i.e., the time of internal clock switch closure) are implicated. Further research is required to select between these alternatives

Time perception and its neuropsychological correlates in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy volunteers

Disordered time perception has been reported in schizophrenia. We investigated time perception dysfunction and its neuropsychological correlates in patients with schizophrenia. Participants comprised 38 patients and 38 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers who were compared in an auditory temporal bisection paradigm using two interval ranges (a 400/800 ins condition and a 1000/2000 ms condition). In the temporal bisection, subjects were required to categorise a probe duration as short or long, based upon the similarity with two reference durations. All subjects also completed a battery of neuropsychological tests measuring sustained attention, short- and long-term memory and executive function. In the 400/800 ins condition, patients judged durations significantly shorter than did control subjects. Patients also exhibited decreased temporal sensitivity in both conditions. We found in both groups a negative association between temporal sensitivity and sustained attention for the 400/800 ms condition, and between temporal sensitivity and long-term memory for the 1000/200 ms condition. In patients, short-term memory performance was negatively associated with duration judgement in both conditions, while executive dysfunction was correlated to a general performance deficit in the 400/800 ms condition. These findings suggest the possibility that time perception abnormalities in schizophrenia are part of neuropsychological dysfunction and are likely to adversely impact upon activity of daily living. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved