Uterine Adenocarcinoma in pet rabbits: a review

The uterine adenocarcinoma is a slow growing malignant tumour that affects 50-80% of pet rabbits over 4 years old, having age as its major risk factor. The mechanisms underlying the development of this tumour are not completely understood and some of the existing studies presented contradictory results. In fact, in rabbits there is not an adequate classification of these tumours and until now the cellular and molecular features were not fully investigated. Regarding treatment and until today, ovariohysterectomy is the only effective treatment. Without it, this neoplasia leads to the female rabbit’s death within 1 to 2 years after the appearance of symptoms and metastasis. In spite of the fact that these tumours could in other species be treated by chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy, in rabbits these treatments were mainly used in laboratory animals and therefore, there is no data regarding the adequate protocol. The limited studies available and the existing doubts around the development of the uterine adenocarcinoma in rabbits show that further investigation is necessary to provide other ways to make an accurate diagnosis, to establish an adequate treatment protocol and to determine the prognosis.O adenocarcinoma uterino é um tumor maligno de crescimento lento que afecta 50-80% dos coelhos com mais de 4 anos, sendo a idade o principal factor de risco para esta neoplasia. Os mecanismos que envolvem o desenvolvimento deste tumor não estão totalmente clarificados e alguns estudos apresentam resultados contraditórios. Actualmente, a classificação bem como a caracterização celular e molecular do adenocarcinoma uterino nesta espécie permanece pouco aprofundada. Até à data, a ovariohisterectomia é o único tratamento eficaz e, na sua ausência, o adenocarcinoma provoca a morte num período de 1 a 2 anos após o aparecimento de sintomas e metástases. Em diferentes espécies, a quimioterapia, a radioterapia e a terapia hormonal são outras opções de tratamento, no entanto nos coelhos a sua aplicação é apenas experimental e associada a animais de biotério, não existindo informação suficiente para o estabelecimento de protocolos adequados à espécie. O número limitado de estudos e as permanentes dúvidas associadas ao desenvolvimento desta patologia em coelhos evidencia a necessidade de investimento na investigação, a qual poderá revelar novas formas de diagnóstico e tratamento e, consequentemente, alterar o prognóstico

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

EPIDEMIOLOGIA MOLECULAR DE KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE MULTIDROGA RESISTENTE EM HOSPITAIS TERCIÁRIOS NO ESTADO DE PERNAMBUCO

Introdução/Objetivo: Klebsiella pneumoniae é um patógeno oportunista, responsável por causar diversas infecções relacionadas a assistência à saúde. A disseminação de cepas dessa espécie com fenótipo de resistência a múltiplas drogas, tornou-se uma ameaça global, o que faz da vigilância epidemiológica uma abordagem crítica para estimar e combater este fenômeno. Esse estudo analisou os mecanismos de resistência e disseminação de isolados clínicos de K. pneumoniae do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Métodos: Os isolados foram coletados em dois hospitais da rede pública de saúde de Pernambuco localizados no Sertão e na região metropolitana do Recife, durante 12 meses. A relação filogenética foi analisada por ERIC-PCR (Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus – Polymerase Chain Reaction) e as sequências tipo foram determinadas por Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). Os padrões de ERIC foram analisados pelo software PyElph e agrupados por Neighbor Joining. Os determinantes de resistência aos betalactâmicos, quinolonas e aminoglicosídeos foram investigados por PCR convencional e, posteriormente, sequenciados para determinação do perfil alélico e análise de mutações em genes constitutivos associados à resistência a essas drogas. As proteínas de membrana externa (OMPs) das cepas resistentes às cefalosporinas e carbapenêmicos foram avaliadas por SDS-PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-PolyAcrylamide Gel Electrophoresis). Resultados: As análises moleculares de 49 isolados de K. pneumoniae indicaram uma disseminação policlonal de cepas resistentes, de Sequence Types mundialmente disseminados, como ST15 e ST11, carreando mecanismos de resistência aos betalactâmicos, aminoglicosídeos e quinolonas. Genes que codificam determinantes de resistência às penicilinas e cefalosporinas, como as betalactamases blaTEM, blaSHV e blaCTX e aos carbapenêmicos (blaKPC-2 e blaNDM-1), foram predominantes. A resistência às quinolonas nos isolados foi mediada por mutações na Região Determinante de Resistência à Quinolonas dos genes gyrA e parC e pela presença de genes plasmidiais qnrB-1 e qnrS-6. A análise das OMPs por SDS-PAGE indicou uma menor produção de OmpK36 nas cepas resistentes a pelo menos um carbapenêmico. Conclusão: A predominância policlonal de bactérias resistentes no ambiente hospitalar, oportuniza a disseminação horizontal da resistência e o surgimento de linhagens com acúmulo de mecanismos, sinalizando para falhas nas práticas de higienização das unidades de saúde

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Clinical and genetic characteristics of late-onset Huntington's disease

Background: The frequency of late-onset Huntington's disease (>59 years) is assumed to be low and the clinical course milder. However, previous literature on late-onset disease is scarce and inconclusive. Objective: Our aim is to study clinical characteristics of late-onset compared to common-onset HD patients in a large cohort of HD patients from the Registry database. Methods: Participants with late- and common-onset (30–50 years)were compared for first clinical symptoms, disease progression, CAG repeat size and family history. Participants with a missing CAG repeat size, a repeat size of ≤35 or a UHDRS motor score of ≤5 were excluded. Results: Of 6007 eligible participants, 687 had late-onset (11.4%) and 3216 (53.5%) common-onset HD. Late-onset (n = 577) had significantly more gait and balance problems as first symptom compared to common-onset (n = 2408) (P <.001). Overall motor and cognitive performance (P <.001) were worse, however only disease motor progression was slower (coefficient, −0.58; SE 0.16; P <.001) compared to the common-onset group. Repeat size was significantly lower in the late-onset (n = 40.8; SD 1.6) compared to common-onset (n = 44.4; SD 2.8) (P <.001). Fewer late-onset patients (n = 451) had a positive family history compared to common-onset (n = 2940) (P <.001). Conclusions: Late-onset patients present more frequently with gait and balance problems as first symptom, and disease progression is not milder compared to common-onset HD patients apart from motor progression. The family history is likely to be negative, which might make diagnosing HD more difficult in this population. However, the balance and gait problems might be helpful in diagnosing HD in elderly patients