Closed-loop control of complex networks : A trade-off between time and energy

W. L. is supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grants No. 11322111 and No. 61773125). Y.-Z. S. is supported by the NSFC (Grant No. 61403393). Y.-C. L. acknowledges support from the Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship program sponsored by the Basic Research Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering and funded by the Office of Naval Research through Grant No. N00014-16-1-2828. Y.-Z. S. and S.-Y. L. contributed equally to this work.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Poly[aqua­(μ11-4,6-dihy­droxy­benzene-1,3-disulfonato)­dipotassium]

In the title salt, [K2(C6H4O8S2)(H2O)]n, both K+ ions exhibit a seven-coordination with K—O bond lengths in the range 2.6600 (14) to 3.0522 (16) Å. One K+ ion is coordinated by seven O atoms from the sulfonate and phenolic hy­droxy groups of six 4,6-dihy­droxy­benzene-1,3-disulfonate (L 2−) anions while the other K+ ion is coordinated by six O atoms from the sulfonate and phenolic hy­droxy groups of five L 2− anions and one water O atom. The L 2− anion exhibits chelating–bridging multidentate coordination to potassium, resulting in the formation of a cross-linked three-dimensional network

Recent Advancement of Sustainable and Renewable Energy in Osmotic Power Generation

Investment in clean energy is demand in this century due to abundance of CO2 accumulation in the world to cause several environmental issues. Therefore, harvesting clean energy may assist in reducing carbon footprint in the world to create a green environment for sustainable living. The salinity gradient energy is one of the clean energies with the concept of mixing both salt concentration water from the ocean and fresh water from the river to create an osmotic pressure to power-up the generator for the production of electrical energy. Salinity different between the oceanic salt water and fresh water could produce an equilibrium osmotic pressure that achieve up to 27 bars equivalent from resulting pressure under the water for 200 to 300 meters. The potential of the power production through osmosis power generator is capture at the value of 2000 TWh per year, where in 2018 the world energy consumption was growing 2.3%, in which twice the number compare to the average rate of the growth. The major energy consumption is contributed from fossil fuel and consequently resulted from emissions of CO2 increased to 33.1 Gt to the atmosphere. This work explained the advantage of using salinity gradient energy and the fundamental principle of blue energy from pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO). Thus, the osmotic power by using different salinity gradient to create energy is widely known as blue energy, in which it is green and sustainable to produce electricity to the local communities

A review of thermal management for Li-ion batteries: Prospects, challenges, and issues

Li-ion batteries are essential component in the current generation of electric vehicles. However, further pushing electric vehicles are concerned with battery life. Since the temperature dictates battery lifetime, it is crucial to manage the heat and keep the temperature at an acceptable range within the battery pack. The benefit of a cooling system is to prevent the premature degradation of battery life. This paper provides a critical review of the so far thermal management strategy dealing with temperature within the cells, module, and packs. This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of state of the art (traditional) thermal cooling system. In this paper, we have reviewed separately cell, module, and pack level cooling system. The battery thermal modeling techniques and cooling system design challenges are also reviewed. This paper also reviews the future cooling system for future vehicles with rising fast charge rate and these techniques can improve the limitations of the traditional cooling system. This paper also suggests the best suitable and economically viable technology for the upcoming EVs issues

AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening: a 318-target study

: High throughput screening (HTS) is routinely used to identify bioactive small molecules. This requires physical compounds, which limits coverage of accessible chemical space. Computational approaches combined with vast on-demand chemical libraries can access far greater chemical space, provided that the predictive accuracy is sufficient to identify useful molecules. Through the largest and most diverse virtual HTS campaign reported to date, comprising 318 individual projects, we demonstrate that our AtomNet® convolutional neural network successfully finds novel hits across every major therapeutic area and protein class. We address historical limitations of computational screening by demonstrating success for target proteins without known binders, high-quality X-ray crystal structures, or manual cherry-picking of compounds. We show that the molecules selected by the AtomNet® model are novel drug-like scaffolds rather than minor modifications to known bioactive compounds. Our empirical results suggest that computational methods can substantially replace HTS as the first step of small-molecule drug discovery

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

25th annual computational neuroscience meeting: CNS-2016

The same neuron may play different functional roles in the neural circuits to which it belongs. For example, neurons in the Tritonia pedal ganglia may participate in variable phases of the swim motor rhythms [1]. While such neuronal functional variability is likely to play a major role the delivery of the functionality of neural systems, it is difficult to study it in most nervous systems. We work on the pyloric rhythm network of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG) [2]. Typically network models of the STG treat neurons of the same functional type as a single model neuron (e.g. PD neurons), assuming the same conductance parameters for these neurons and implying their synchronous firing [3, 4]. However, simultaneous recording of PD neurons shows differences between the timings of spikes of these neurons. This may indicate functional variability of these neurons. Here we modelled separately the two PD neurons of the STG in a multi-neuron model of the pyloric network. Our neuron models comply with known correlations between conductance parameters of ionic currents. Our results reproduce the experimental finding of increasing spike time distance between spikes originating from the two model PD neurons during their synchronised burst phase. The PD neuron with the larger calcium conductance generates its spikes before the other PD neuron. Larger potassium conductance values in the follower neuron imply longer delays between spikes, see Fig. 17.Neuromodulators change the conductance parameters of neurons and maintain the ratios of these parameters [5]. Our results show that such changes may shift the individual contribution of two PD neurons to the PD-phase of the pyloric rhythm altering their functionality within this rhythm. Our work paves the way towards an accessible experimental and computational framework for the analysis of the mechanisms and impact of functional variability of neurons within the neural circuits to which they belong

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts