Stratégies compétitives des entreprises marocaines : Une revue de littérature

Since its introduction in the field of business, business strategy has always been a fertile field of research. The expected goal of this work is to draw up a literature review of the most relevant articles on the competitive strategies of Moroccan companies. The methodology followed is based on the analysis of twenty articles, theoretical and empirical, aimed at determining the competitive strategies adopted by Moroccan firms. The results obtained show, on the one hand, that Moroccan firms, both large and small, adopt various strategies aimed at obtaining a sustainable competitive advantage, ranging from recent strategies such as coopetition and sustainable development, to classic ones such as innovation and diversification. On the other hand, our study reveals a lack of detailed studies of the strategic behavior and choices of Moroccan firms, testing, in the Moroccan context, the generic strategies of (Porter, 1980) or those of (Miles & Snow, 1978) or even the specialization/diversification strategies, and analyzing the influence of contingency factors such as the field of activity, the size of the firm, and its age, on the strategies followed, in relation to the competitiveness/performance of the firms.   Keywords: Competitive strategies, generic strategies, A Literature Review, performance/competitiveness. JEL Classification : L11, L16, L22, L25. Paper type: Theoretical Research Depuis son introduction dans le domaine des entreprises, la stratégie d’entreprises, était depuis toujours un champ de recherche fertile. Le but escompté de ce travail est d’élaborer une revue de littérature des articles les plus pertinents ayant pour objet les stratégies compétitives des entreprises marocaines. La méthodologie suivie se base sur l’analyse de vingt articles, à la fois théoriques et empiriques visant de déterminer les stratégies compétitives adoptées par les firmes marocaines. Les résultats obtenus montrent d’un côté que les entreprises marocaines, aussi bien les grandes de taille que les PME, adoptent des stratégies diverses visant à obtenir un avantage concurrentiel durable, qui varient entre des stratégies récentes comme celle de coopétition et celle de développement durable, et d’autres classiques comme l’innovation et la diversification. D’un autre côté, notre étude permet de déceler une carence en études minutieuses du comportement et choix stratégiques des firmes marocaines, portant sur le test, en contexte marocain, des stratégies génériques de (Porter, 1980) ou celles de (Miles & Snow, 1978) ou même les stratégies de spécialisation/diversification, et analysant l’influence des facteurs de contingence tels que : le domaine d’activités, la taille de la firme, et son âge, sur les stratégies suivies, en relation avec la compétitivité/performance des entreprises.   Mots clés : Les stratégies compétitives, les stratégies génériques, une revue de littérature, compétitivité/la performance. Classification JEL : L11, L16, L22, L25. Type de l’article : article théorique

DETERMINANTS DE L’INTEGRATION DES ENTREPRISES LOCALES ET EFFETS DES ATTRIBUTS RELATIONNELS : CAS DU SECTEUR AERONAUTIQUE AU MAROC

Les relations interentreprises ont pleinement évolué, en particulier dans le secteur industriel. En effet, les grandes entreprises se focalisent de plus en plus sur les métiers de base et externalisent les activités secondaires ou qui ne sont pas dans leur périmètre de compétences. Cela a conduit à la mobilisation d’un réseau volatil de fournisseurs et sous-traitants dispersés dans le monde entier. A cause de ses atouts stratégiques et de son offre attractive, le Maroc a été choisi comme meilleure destination de plusieurs entreprises aéronautiques. Ce qui a généré une dynamique sans précédent dans ce secteur qualifié par la haute technologie. Néanmoins, il faut s’interroger sur l’intégration des entreprises locales dans cette industrie. Une telle intégration qui pourrait être sensible aux aspects caractérisant les relations liant les sous-traitants locaux aux donneurs d’ordre étrangers. En se basant sur une enquête réalisée auprès d’un échantillon de 31 entreprises locales, ce papier consiste d’une part à mettre en évidence l’intégration des sous-traitants locaux et, d’autre part, à identifier les facteurs qui contribuent le plus à cette intégration selon les attributs relationnel

Obstructive sleep apnea, verbal memory, and executive function in a community-based high-risk population identified by the Berlin Questionnaire Akershus Sleep Apnea Project

Purpose Cognitive functions in community-dwelling adults at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea have not been described and nor are associations between cognitive functions and obstructive sleep apnea severity fully understood. The study aimed to describe verbal memory and executive function in community-dwelling adults identified by the Berlin Questionnaire and to investigate associations between these cognitive domains and different obstructive sleep apnea severity indicators. Methods Among 29,258 age- and gender-stratified persons 30–65 years who received the Berlin Questionnaire by mail, 16,302 (55.7%) responded. From 654 randomly drawn respondents with BQ high risk who were approached for study participation, 290 participants (55.9% males, mean age 48.2 years) were included. Verbal memory was assessed by Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and executive function by Stroop test. Obstructive sleep apnea severity indicators were assessed by polysomnography

Changes in Neurocognitive Architecture in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treated with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic, multisystem disorder that has a bidirectional relationship with several major neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's dementia. Treatment with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) offers some protection from the effects of OSA, although it is still unclear which populations should be targeted, for how long, and what the effects of treatment are on different organ systems. We investigated whether cognitive improvements can be achieved as early as one month into CPAP treatment in patients with OSA. Methods: 55 patients (mean (SD) age: 47.6 (11.1) years) with newly diagnosed moderate-severe OSA (Oxygen Desaturation Index: 36.6 (25.2) events/hour; Epworth sleepiness score (ESS): 12.8 (4.9)) and 35 matched healthy volunteers were studied. All participants underwent neurocognitive testing, neuroimaging and polysomnography. Patients were randomized into parallel groups: CPAP with best supportive care (BSC), or BSC alone for one month, after which they were re-tested. Findings: One month of CPAP with BSC resulted in a hypertrophic trend in the right thalamus [mean difference (%): 4.04, 95% CI: 1.47 to 6.61], which was absent in the BSC group [- 2.29, 95% CI: - 4.34 to - 0.24]. Significant improvement was also recorded in ESS, in the CPAP plus BSC group, following treatment [mean difference (%): - 27.97, 95% CI: - 36.75 to - 19.19 vs 2.46, 95% CI: - 5.23 to 10.15; P = 0.012], correlated to neuroplastic changes in brainstem (r = - 0.37; P = 0.05), and improvements in delayed logical memory scores [57.20, 95% CI: 42.94 to 71.46 vs 23.41, 95% CI: 17.17 to 29.65; P = 0.037]. Interpretation: One month of CPAP treatment can lead to adaptive alterations in the neurocognitive architecture that underlies the reduced sleepiness, and improved verbal episodic memory in patients with OSA. We propose that partial neural recovery occurs during short periods of treatment with CPAP

Le syndrome d'apnées obstructives du sommeil (études en neuropsychologie et en imagerie cérébrale)

CAEN-BU Droit Lettres (141182101) / SudocSudocFranceF

A combined neuropsychological and brain imaging study of obstructive sleep apnea.

International audiencePatients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) show neuropsychological impairments ranging from vigilance decrements, attentional lapses and memory gaps to decreased motor coordination, but their cognitive profile, and the origin of the impairments, remain unclear. We sought to establish the neuropsychological profile of 16 newly diagnosed apneics and to highlight both their morphological and functional brain abnormalities. We used an extensive neuropsychological test battery to investigate attention and vigilance, executive functions, episodic memory and motor domains. For brain imaging, we used the optimized voxel-based morphometry procedure for the MRI data, resting-state (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-Glucose positron emission tomography ((18)FDG-PET) with correction for partial volume effects (PVEs) and voxel-based analyses. In terms of neurobehavioral performance, our patients displayed objective daytime somnolence but little impairment in memory and motor domains. Cerebral data revealed gray matter loss in the frontal and temporo-parieto-occipital cortices, the thalamus, hippocampal region, some basal ganglia and cerebellar regions, mainly in the right hemisphere. The decrease in brain metabolism was also right-lateralized, but more restricted than the gray matter density changes, and involved the precuneus, the middle and posterior cingulate gyrus, and the parieto-occipital cortex, as well as the prefrontal cortex. To conclude, despite the presence of only minor memory and motor impairments, our patients displayed significant cerebral changes in terms of both gray matter density and metabolic levels, and may have benefited from cognitive reserve and compensatory mechanisms. Thus, cerebral changes in OSA patients may precede the onset of notable neuropsychological consequences