Provisional topographic map of mars, mariner 4 region

Topographic map of Mars, Mariner IV space probe regio

The Rise And Fall Of The Muslim Brotherhood In The Egyptian Revolution: The Interplay of Narrative And Other Factors

This study examines the interplay of narrative and other factors in the rise and fall of the Muslim Brotherhood during the Egyptian Revolution. I hypothesize that narrative played a major role in the Muslim Brotherhoods rise to power, and that failure to adapt their narrative in the aftermath contributed to their downfall. Chairman Mao said, "the guerrilla must move amongst the people as a fish swims in the sea." A successful narrative is an indispensable element in a successful revolution. Revolutionaries rely on popular support. A powerful justice narrative is the kindling which ignites revolutionary hearts. Forged in the furnace of rebellion, revolutionary leaders tend to be charismatic figures, often with authoritarian tendencies. In the afterglow of successful revolution, revolutionary leaders are often loathe to change old habits, relying instead on old narratives and loyalists from revolutionary days. However, in the aftermath of revolution a fundamental change has occurred which cannot be masked with revolutionary slogans: outsider has become insider; rebel has become ruler. The pre-revolutionary narrative of struggle must evolve in order to be legitimate. A new narrative is required which embraces the entire nation, not merely loyal supporters. The new narrative must be inclusive, and offer the hope of peace and prosperity. Regimes whose narratives fail, who are unable to effect their will by persuasion of narrative, often resort to coercive authoritarianism. The most successful scenario in the aftermath of revolution is that leaders adapt their narrative (including policies) to the changed context (revolutionaries as rulers) and reform existing institutions. Historically, the failure to successfully adapt narrative results in instability. After existing on the political fringes for over 80 years, The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood gained power during the Egyptian Revolution that began on 25 January 2011, which was part of the Arab Spring and culminated with victories in parliamentary elections followed by the election of Muslim Brotherhood President Mohammed Morsi on 30 June 2012. Only a year later, on 3 July 2013 President Morsi and the Brotherhood were deposed by the Egyptian military, after massive public demonstrations opposing the Muslim Brotherhood. The Muslim Brotherhood were able to ascend to power in large part because of a credible narrative based on a long history of being one of the few national institutions to provide social services to orphans, widows, the sick and the poor as well as a courageous opponent of dictatorship for many decades. However, the heavy baggage of ideology, expedient alliances, and occasional cooperation with dictatorships proved to be difficult to reconcile after they achieved power. After rising to power, the Muslim Brotherhood leaders engaged in behavior and adopted policies that conflicted with their official narrative of tolerance and inclusiveness, which put into question not only the credibility of the narrative but the legitimacy of the organization itself. In the year after rising to political power, the Muslim Brotherhood failed to unify the country or effectively manage the economy. In fairness to the Muslim Brotherhood, one year is a short period of time, and any other regime would have faced similar challenges. Negative environmental factors such as a failing economy, deteriorating social conditions, questions of credibility, opposition to their increasingly overt religious ideology, and their partisan triumphalism undermined their support. Other important elements contributed to the Muslim Brotherhood's success during the Egyptian Revolution. The most important factor was the existence of a long established and well-developed national organization throughout Egypt. Narrative was the second most important element. The third major factor was the weakness of the opposition

National Hay Association President\u27s Perspective: What a Year to Be President

Over the years, I have had the opportunity to attend the Kentucky Alfalfa Conference in Cave City. Usually it was combined with a trip to deliver hay into Kentucky to either a dairy, beef, or horse customer. This is an excellent event. The following is my “acceptance” speech given in September 2007 in Columbus, Ohio, when I was installed as President of the National Hay Association

Evolution of Mechanization and Transport in My Hay Operation

Good morning! My name is Ron Tombaugh. I was born and raised on a dairy farm near Streator, IL. Streator is about 100 miles southwest of Chicago. Our farm was in the northwest corner of Livingston county, one of the largest counties in IL. To give you an idea of the crops grown there, Livingston County along with 4 surrounding counties produce more corn than the neighboring state of Missouri! Dairy farms were not real common in our area then, and are almost non-existent in the area now

A RAKE Receiver Employing Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) Without Channel Estimation for UWB Communications

An alternative method to channel estimation is presented as a means of supplying a RAKE receiver with the coefficients for Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC). The proposed RAKE receiver utilizes Time-Hopping Pulse Position Modulation (TH-PPM), and is specifically designed to be used in Ultra Wideband (UWB) communication systems in which channel estimation becomes problematic because of the high sampling rate required. The MRC coefficients are determined by a simple process of averaging the received energy for a given correlator finger over the course of a pilot sequence of P pulses. Performance of the proposed RAKE receiver is investigated through simulation using a discrete-time implementation of the multi-path channel model published by the IEEE 802.15.3 task group. The proposed RAKE receiver’s Bit-Error-Rate (BER) performance is compared against other RAKE receivers relying on channel estimation

Physical Properties of The Ternary System: Ethylene Glycol - Disthylene Glycol - Water

Since approximately two-thirds (12) of the energy from the fuel in automobile engines is converted to unusable heat, it is necessary that a method of cooling the engines be provided. In most present-day engines of this type, an indirect method is utilized, namely, the transfer of heat to a liquid and t hence from the liquid to the surrounding air by means of radiators . Water is universally used for the coolant liquid because of its availability and high heat transfer properties. However, water has its limitations. A significant limitation of water as a coolant is its corrosive action causing rust clogging and metal perforation . Water is a very stable compound, but it attacks certain cooling system metals vigorously under the influence of heat and aeration. Even more significant than these is its high freezing point. Ever since the automobile reached the point of perfection that made it usable in the colder seasons of the year, men have been searching for coolants with freezing points lower than that of water and possessing the desirable coolant characteristics of water . In addition to an adequately lower freezing point , it is a necessary requirement that an antifreeze does not impart undesirable properties that would interfere with cooling engines efficiently. It is also highly desirable that the substance reduce the corrosive tendency

Predictors of quality of life ratings from persons with dementia: the role of insight

Objective: Evidence suggests that people with dementia are able to respond accurately and consistently to questions about quality of life (QoL), although large discrepancies exist between patient and proxy ratings. This may be due, in part, to the reduced insight of the person with dementia. The aim of this study was to explore the predictors of QoL ratings in a sample of people with mild dementia, with a particular focus on the role of insight. Methods: Sixty-nine participants and their caregivers were recruited from a memory clinic setting. The Bath Assessment of Subjective Quality of Life in Dementia (BASQID), Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Quality of Life Scale, Memory Functioning Scale, Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Inventory and Mini Mental Status Examination were administered. Results: Regression analyses indicated that the strongest predictor of QoL ratings from persons with dementia was their awareness of memory function, such that lower awareness was associated with higher QoL ratings. Proxy ratings of activity performance and enjoyment of activity were also significant predictors of BASQID scores. Conclusions: Awareness of memory function impacts directly on patient QoL ratings and can also mask the effects of changes in other outcomes such as ADL function. Measures of awareness should therefore be employed alongside patient QoL ratings in order to ensure they are interpreted accurately. Discrepancies between patient and proxy QoL ratings do not necessarily occur because of patient unreliability, but may instead reflect the application of distinct modes of QoL assessment that emphasise very different outcomes

A P300-based cognitive assessment battery

© 2015 The Authors. Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Background: It is well established that some patients who are diagnosed as being in a vegetative state or a minimally conscious state show reliable signs of volition that may only be detected by measuring neural responses. A pertinent question is whether these patients are capable of higher cognitive processes. Methods: Here, we develop a series of EEG paradigms that probe several core aspects of cognition at the bedside without the need for motor responses and explore the sensitivity of this approach in a group of healthy controls. Results: Using analysis of ERPs alone, this method can determine with high reliability whether individual participants are able to attend a stimulus stream, maintain items in working memory, or solve complex grammatical reasoning problems. Conclusion: We suggest that this approach could form the basis of a brain-based battery for assessing higher cognition in patients with severe motor impairments or disorders of consciousness

Constraints on planet X/Nemesis from Solar System's inner dynamics

We put full 3D constraints on a putative planet X by using the dynamics of the inner planets of the solar system. In particular, we compute the mimium distance of X as a function of its heliocentric latitude and longitude for different values of its mass.Comment: LaTex, MNRAS macros. 12 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables. To appear in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS). Some typos fixe