Tuberculosis diagnostics and biomarkers: needs, challenges, recent advances, and opportunities

Tuberculosis is unique among the major infectious diseases in that it lacks accurate rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests. Failure to control the spread of tuberculosis is largely due to our inability to detect and treat all infectious cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in a timely fashion, allowing continued Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission within communities. Currently recommended gold-standard diagnostic tests for tuberculosis are laboratory based, and multiple investigations may be necessary over a period of weeks or months before a diagnosis is made. Several new diagnostic tests have recently become available for detecting active tuberculosis disease, screening for latent M. tuberculosis infection, and identifying drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. However, progress toward a robust point-of-care test has been limited, and novel biomarker discovery remains challenging. In the absence of effective prevention strategies, high rates of early case detection and subsequent cure are required for global tuberculosis control. Early case detection is dependent on test accuracy, accessibility, cost, and complexity, but also depends on the political will and funder investment to deliver optimal, sustainable care to those worst affected by the tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus epidemics. This review highlights unanswered questions, challenges, recent advances, unresolved operational and technical issues, needs, and opportunities related to tuberculosis diagnostics

Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Biomarkers: Needs, Challenges, Recent Advances, and Opportunities

Tuberculosis is unique among the major infectious diseases in that it lacks accurate rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests. Failure to control the spread of tuberculosis is largely due to our inability to detect and treat all infectious cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in a timely fashion, allowing continued Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission within communities. Currently recommended gold-standard diagnostic tests for tuberculosis are laboratory based, and multiple investigations may be necessary over a period of weeks or months before a diagnosis is made. Several new diagnostic tests have recently become available for detecting active tuberculosis disease, screening for latent M. tuberculosis infection, and identifying drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. However, progress toward a robust point-of-care test has been limited, and novel biomarker discovery remains challenging. In the absence of effective prevention strategies, high rates of early case detection and subsequent cure are required for global tuberculosis control. Early case detection is dependent on test accuracy, accessibility, cost, and complexity, but also depends on the political will and funder investment to deliver optimal, sustainable care to those worst affected by the tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus epidemics. This review highlights unanswered questions, challenges, recent advances, unresolved operational and technical issues, needs, and opportunities related to tuberculosis diagnostic

Circulating adiponectin levels are lower in Latino versus non-Latino white patients at risk for cardiovascular disease, independent of adiposity measures

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Latinos in the United States have a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes than non-Latino whites, even after controlling for adiposity. Decreased adiponectin is associated with insulin resistance and predicts T2DM, and therefore may mediate this ethnic difference. We compared total and high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin in Latino versus white individuals, identified factors associated with adiponectin in each ethnic group, and measured the contribution of adiponectin to ethnic differences in insulin resistance.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We utilized cross-sectional data from subjects in the Latinos Using Cardio Health Actions to reduce Risk study. Participants were Latino (n = 119) and non-Latino white (n = 60) men and women with hypertension and at least one other risk factor for CVD (age 61 ± 10 yrs, 49% with T2DM), seen at an integrated community health and hospital system in Denver, Colorado. Total and HMW adiponectin was measured by RIA and ELISA respectively. Fasting glucose and insulin were used to calculate the homeostasis model insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Variables independently associated with adiponectin levels were identified by linear regression analyses. Adiponectin's contribution to ethnic differences in insulin resistance was assessed in multivariate linear regression models of Latino ethnicity, with logHOMA-IR as a dependent variable, adjusting for possible confounders including age, gender, adiposity, and renal function.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Mean adiponectin levels were lower in Latino than white patients (beta estimates: -4.5 (-6.4, -2.5), p < 0.001 and -1.6 (-2.7, -0.5), p < 0.005 for total and HMW adiponectin), independent of age, gender, BMI/waist circumference, thiazolidinedione use, diabetes status, and renal function. An expected negative association between adiponectin and waist circumference was seen among women and non-Latino white men, but no relationship between these two variables was observed among Latino men. Ethnic differences in logHOMA-IR were no longer observed after controlling for adiponectin levels.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Among patients with CVD risk, total and HMW adiponectin is lower in Latinos, independent of adiposity and other known regulators of adiponectin. Ethnic differences in adiponectin regulation may exist and future research in this area is warranted. Adiponectin levels accounted for the observed variability in insulin resistance, suggesting a contribution of decreased adiponectin to insulin resistance in Latino populations.</p

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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Fauna Europaea: Diptera -Brachycera

Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Pape, T., Beuk, P., Pont, A. C., Shatalkin, A. I., Ozerov, A. L., Woźnica, A. J., ... de Jong, Y. (2015). Fauna Europaea: 3, [e4187]. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e4187 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Abstract Fauna Europaea provides a public web-service with an index of scientific names (including important synonyms) of all extant multicellular European terrestrial and freshwater animals and their geographical distribution at the level of countries and major islands (east of the Urals and excluding the Caucasus region). The Fauna Europaea project comprises about 230,000 taxonomic names, including 130,000 accepted species and 14,000 accepted subspecies, which is much more than the originally projected number of 100,000 species. Fauna Europaea represents a huge effort by more than 400 contributing taxonomic specialists throughout Europe and is a unique (standard) reference suitable for many user communities in science, government, industry, nature conservation and education. The Diptera-Brachycera is one of the 58 Fauna Europaea major taxonomic groups, and data have been compiled by a network of 55 specialists. Within the two-winged insects (Diptera), the Brachycera constitute a monophyletic group, which is generally given rank of suborder. The Brachycera may be classified into the probably paraphyletic &apos;lower brachyceran grade&apos; and the monophyletic Eremoneura. The latter contains the Empidoidea, the Apystomyioidea with a single Nearctic species, and the Cyclorrhapha, which in turn is divided into the paraphyletic &apos;aschizan grade&apos; and the monophyletic Schizophora. The latter is traditionally divided into the paraphyletic &apos;acalyptrate grade&apos; and the monophyletic Calyptratae. Our knowledge of the European fauna of Diptera-Brachycera varies tremendously among families, from the reasonably well known hoverflies (Syrphidae) to the extremely poorly known scuttle flies (Phoridae). There has been a steady growth in our knowledge of European Diptera for the last two centuries, with no apparent slow down, but there is a shift towards a larger fraction of the new species being found among the families of the nematoceran grade (lower Diptera), which due to a larger number of small-sized species may be considered as taxonomically more challenging. Most of Europe is highly industrialised and has a high human population density, and the more fertile habitats are extensively cultivated. This has undoubtedly increased the extinction risk for numerous species of brachyceran flies, yet with the recent re-discovery of Thyreophora cynophila (Panzer), there are no known cases of extinction at a European level. However, few national Red Lists have extensive information on Diptera. For the Diptera-Brachycera, data from 96 families containing 11,751 species are included in this paper

Johann Gottlieb Burckhardt (1756-1800) : the ways of a Saxon Lutheran cleric, witness and actor of his universe of the late Enlightenment

Ce travail replace la vie et la pensée d’un maître de conférences de l’université de Leipzig dans le contexte de son temps. Il retrace le parcours d’un orphelin pauvre, né à Eisleben comme son héros Martin Luther. Bénéficiaire de nombreux soutiens, il devint un lettré dont l’ambition fut une carrière universitaire, mais qui devint finalement pasteur de la principale des paroisses luthériennes germanophones de Londres, sans pour autant perdre de vue sa Saxe natale, ni l’ensemble du continent. Piétiste convaincu qu’il fallait lire Luther sous cet éclairage, Burckhardt vit dans Wesley et sa religion du cœur la continuation de ce qu’eut souhaité le Réformateur. Notre travail s’appuie sur un corpus documentaire rassemblant la totalité de ce qui sortit de sa plume, et analyse ces sources en relation avec les réactions qu’elles suscitèrent dans son entourage. En un temps marqué par la violence guerrière, notamment la Révolution française et les diverses remises en cause du passé, Burckhardt apparaît comme exemplaire du sort et des combats intérieurs des innombrables ecclésiastiques de son temps, obligés de se positionner au risque d’entrer dans des polémiques. Habité par le désir de voir la chrétienté se réveiller, il devint une passerelle entre le réveil anglo- saxon et celui du continent européen. L’œuvre de celui qui était aussi historien à ses heures permet de redécouvrir la fin d’un siècle tel qu’il le percevait.Placing the life and thought of a former teacher at the university of Leipzig in the context of his time, this study develops the career of a poor orphan, born in Eisleben like his hero Martin Luther. Having been socially helped in various ways, he became a scholar whose ambition was to make a professional career at his Saxon university. His way brought him finally to London, where he became the pastor of the main of the local German-speaking Lutheran parishes. Keeping in touch with the continent, Burckhardt read Luther in the light of his Pietism and made the acquaintance of Wesley. He saw in his pietistic religion of the heart the continuation in Great-Britain of what he wished for his Lutheranism. Our study explores his writings as well as the numerous reactions to which they lead in the environment of the author and in the press. In his time marked by many wars between the nations, and by a deep questioning of the past, Burckhardt appears to have been exemplary for the lot of the most of his colleagues, obliged to take position at the risk to be involved in polemics. Wishing to see a renewed Christianity, he accepted the official role of being a link between the British revival and that of the European continent. The writings of the Historian that he has been occasionally carry the image of how Burckhardt saw the end of his century

Johann Gottlieb Burckhardt (1756-1800) : the ways of a Saxon Lutheran cleric, witness and actor of his universe of the late Enlightenment

Ce travail replace la vie et la pensée d’un maître de conférences de l’université de Leipzig dans le contexte de son temps. Il retrace le parcours d’un orphelin pauvre, né à Eisleben comme son héros Martin Luther. Bénéficiaire de nombreux soutiens, il devint un lettré dont l’ambition fut une carrière universitaire, mais qui devint finalement pasteur de la principale des paroisses luthériennes germanophones de Londres, sans pour autant perdre de vue sa Saxe natale, ni l’ensemble du continent. Piétiste convaincu qu’il fallait lire Luther sous cet éclairage, Burckhardt vit dans Wesley et sa religion du cœur la continuation de ce qu’eut souhaité le Réformateur. Notre travail s’appuie sur un corpus documentaire rassemblant la totalité de ce qui sortit de sa plume, et analyse ces sources en relation avec les réactions qu’elles suscitèrent dans son entourage. En un temps marqué par la violence guerrière, notamment la Révolution française et les diverses remises en cause du passé, Burckhardt apparaît comme exemplaire du sort et des combats intérieurs des innombrables ecclésiastiques de son temps, obligés de se positionner au risque d’entrer dans des polémiques. Habité par le désir de voir la chrétienté se réveiller, il devint une passerelle entre le réveil anglo- saxon et celui du continent européen. L’œuvre de celui qui était aussi historien à ses heures permet de redécouvrir la fin d’un siècle tel qu’il le percevait.Placing the life and thought of a former teacher at the university of Leipzig in the context of his time, this study develops the career of a poor orphan, born in Eisleben like his hero Martin Luther. Having been socially helped in various ways, he became a scholar whose ambition was to make a professional career at his Saxon university. His way brought him finally to London, where he became the pastor of the main of the local German-speaking Lutheran parishes. Keeping in touch with the continent, Burckhardt read Luther in the light of his Pietism and made the acquaintance of Wesley. He saw in his pietistic religion of the heart the continuation in Great-Britain of what he wished for his Lutheranism. Our study explores his writings as well as the numerous reactions to which they lead in the environment of the author and in the press. In his time marked by many wars between the nations, and by a deep questioning of the past, Burckhardt appears to have been exemplary for the lot of the most of his colleagues, obliged to take position at the risk to be involved in polemics. Wishing to see a renewed Christianity, he accepted the official role of being a link between the British revival and that of the European continent. The writings of the Historian that he has been occasionally carry the image of how Burckhardt saw the end of his century

Johann Gottlieb Burckhardt (1756-1800) : les itinéraires d'un ecclésiastique luthérien saxon, témoin et acteur de son univers des "lumières tardives"

Placing the life and thought of a former teacher at the university of Leipzig in the context of his time, this study develops the career of a poor orphan, born in Eisleben like his hero Martin Luther. Having been socially helped in various ways, he became a scholar whose ambition was to make a professional career at his Saxon university. His way brought him finally to London, where he became the pastor of the main of the local German-speaking Lutheran parishes. Keeping in touch with the continent, Burckhardt read Luther in the light of his Pietism and made the acquaintance of Wesley. He saw in his pietistic religion of the heart the continuation in Great-Britain of what he wished for his Lutheranism. Our study explores his writings as well as the numerous reactions to which they lead in the environment of the author and in the press. In his time marked by many wars between the nations, and by a deep questioning of the past, Burckhardt appears to have been exemplary for the lot of the most of his colleagues, obliged to take position at the risk to be involved in polemics. Wishing to see a renewed Christianity, he accepted the official role of being a link between the British revival and that of the European continent. The writings of the Historian that he has been occasionally carry the image of how Burckhardt saw the end of his century.Ce travail replace la vie et la pensée d’un maître de conférences de l’université de Leipzig dans le contexte de son temps. Il retrace le parcours d’un orphelin pauvre, né à Eisleben comme son héros Martin Luther. Bénéficiaire de nombreux soutiens, il devint un lettré dont l’ambition fut une carrière universitaire, mais qui devint finalement pasteur de la principale des paroisses luthériennes germanophones de Londres, sans pour autant perdre de vue sa Saxe natale, ni l’ensemble du continent. Piétiste convaincu qu’il fallait lire Luther sous cet éclairage, Burckhardt vit dans Wesley et sa religion du cœur la continuation de ce qu’eut souhaité le Réformateur. Notre travail s’appuie sur un corpus documentaire rassemblant la totalité de ce qui sortit de sa plume, et analyse ces sources en relation avec les réactions qu’elles suscitèrent dans son entourage. En un temps marqué par la violence guerrière, notamment la Révolution française et les diverses remises en cause du passé, Burckhardt apparaît comme exemplaire du sort et des combats intérieurs des innombrables ecclésiastiques de son temps, obligés de se positionner au risque d’entrer dans des polémiques. Habité par le désir de voir la chrétienté se réveiller, il devint une passerelle entre le réveil anglo- saxon et celui du continent européen. L’œuvre de celui qui était aussi historien à ses heures permet de redécouvrir la fin d’un siècle tel qu’il le percevait