Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Natural Sound Library-AB Format

Sound recording of everyday sounds. Digitally recorded using an artificial head and AB-stereo set up. Each recording is five minutes long, with a calibration tone and other reference sounds.Please note file named "Choir in Church" is actually two pieces of music with a very short time interval between songs.Under the supervision of ICRA members, two MSc students at the department of Acoustics Technology at the Technical University of Denmark undertook recording, calibration and documenting the sound files (Berg&Larsen, 2006).ICR

The Natural Sound Library-Reference Sounds-CD Format

The recordings were carefully calibrated. There are three calibration files available. 1. Track 1 - Pure tone 1000 Hz 94 dB mono.wav 2. Track 2 - White Noise 84 dB mono (6. Order Butterwoth Bandpass 800-1250Hz).wav 3. Track 3 - Pink Noise 84 dB mono (6. Order Butterworth Bandpass 20-20000Hz).wav Any of these reference sounds can be played back and adjusted to their nominal value (94 dB re 20 μPa for the pure tone and 84 dB re 20 μPa for the two noise signals) for correct level calibration of the recorded sound files. The Pink Noise can also be used to equalize the playback chain at the position of the listener (without the listener present) for correct spectral representation of the material

The Natural Sound Library-HATS File Format

Sound recording of everyday sounds. Digitally recorded using an artificial head and both XY- and AB- stereo set up. The recording is five minutes long, with a calibration tone and other reference sounds.Please note the file "Choir in Church" is actually two pieces of music, with a very short time interval between songs.Under the supervision of ICRA members, two MSc students at the department of Acoustics Technology at the Technical University of Denmark undertook recording, calibration and documenting the sound files (Berg&Larsen, 2006.

The Natural Sound Library-XY Format

Sound recording of everyday sounds. Digitally recorded using an artificial head and both XY- and AB- stereo set up. The recording is five minutes long, with a calibration tone and other reference sounds. Please note the file "Choir in Church" is actually two pieces of music with a very short time interval between songs.Under the supervision of ICRA members, two MSc students at the department of Acoustics Technology at the Technical University of Denmark undertook recording, calibration and documenting the sound files (Berg&Larsen, 2006.

The Natural Sound Library-Reference Sounds

The recordings were carefully calibrated. There are three calibration files available. 1. Track 1 - Pure tone 1000 Hz 94 dB mono.wav 2. Track 2 - White Noise 84 dB mono (6. Order Butterwoth Bandpass 800-1250Hz).wav 3. Track 3 - Pink Noise 84 dB mono (6. Order Butterworth Bandpass 20-20000Hz).wav Any of these reference sounds can be played back and adjusted to their nominal value (94 dB re 20 μPa for the pure tone and 84 dB re 20 μPa for the two noise signals) for correct level calibration of the recorded sound files. The Pink Noise can also be used to equalize the playback chain at the position of the listener (without the listener present) for correct spectral representation of the material.Under the supervision of ICRA members, two MSc students at the department of Acoustics Technology at the Technical University of Denmark undertook recording, calibration and documenting the sound files (Berg&Larsen, 2006.

The Natural Sound Library-Audio CD Format

Sound recording of everyday sounds. Digitally recorded using an artificial head and both XY- and AB- stereo set up. The recording is five minutes long, with a calibration tone and other reference sounds. Please note the file "Choir in Church" is actually two pieces of music with a very short time interval between the songs.Under the supervision of ICRA members, two MSc students at the department of Acoustics Technology at the Technical University of Denmark undertook recording, calibration and documenting the sound files (Berg&Larsen, 2006.