Estrés a microescala de Vallisneria americana por enriquecimiento de nutrientes con estequiometría N:P

To distinguish between the stress of Vallisneria americana caused by increases either in the molar N:P relation (N-NO3 and P-H2PO4) or in the concentration of nutrients (CN), the nutritional regimen (NR) was examined by means of two randomized factorial experiments on plants cultured in vitro in modified MS medium. The first (RN1) crossed N:P relation of 16, 20, and 24 and CN (%) of 25, 50, and 100; while the second (RN2) evaluated N:P relations of 48, 60, 72, and CN percentages of 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50. The mechanism of resistance to the stress by factor was examined with the decrease in the regeneration and viability of leaves and roots; both measured by unit or percentage for 45 to 75 days, since the plants in vitro did not produce ramets. In NR1 experiments, all plants died in 100% CN and leaves registered greater resistance with 24N:P, and 25% CN (p<0.05). The algae grew in 52% of the cultures, without covariance effect (p>0.05). In RN2 experiments, leaves and roots resisted at 72N:P, within the percent ranging from 6.25 to 25 CN (p<0.05). Additional useful information was the significant relationship (p<0.01) found between regenerated leaves and roots (r=0.9), and between regeneration and viability of leaves (r=0.5). The mechanism of stress by the N: P was deciphered by metabolic stoichiometry (protein: RNA). In contrast, the mechanism for the CN was osmotic and fast. At in vitro microscale, resistance to the stress of V. americana, in high N:P and with the supply of N-oxidized, was linked to low nutrient loads.El estrés de Vallisneria americana provocado por incrementos de la relación molar N:P (N-NO3 y P-H2PO4) o por el aumento de la concentración de nutrientes (CN) fue diferenciado mediante el análisis del régimen nutricional (RN), el cual fue examinado con dos experimentos factoriales al azar sobre plantas cultivadas in vitro en medio MS modificado. El primero (RN1) cruzó relaciones N:P de 16, 20 y 24 y CN (%) de 25, 50 y 100; mientras que, el segundo (RN2) evaluó las relaciones N:P de 48, 60, 72 y porcentajes de CN de 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 y 50. El mecanismo de estrés por factor fue analizado con la declinación en regeneración y viabilidad de hojas y raíces, porcentual o unitaria, durante 45 o 75 días, ya que las plantas in vitro no produjeron rametos. En los experimentos RN1, todas las plantas murieron en 100% CN, las hojas reportaron mayor resistencia con 24N:P y 25% CN (p<0.05). Las algas crecieron en el 52% de los cultivos, sin efecto de covarianza (p>0.05). En los RN2, hojas y raíces resistieron en 72N:P dentro del rango porcentual de 6.25 a 25 de CN (p<0.05). Otra información útil fue la correlación significativa (p<0.01) entre hojas y raíces regeneradas (r=0.9) y entre regeneración y viabilidad de hojas (r=0.5). El mecanismo de estrés por la relación N:P fue descifrado mediante estequiometría metabólica (proteína:ARN). En contraste, el mecanismo por la CN fue osmótico y rápido. A microescala in vitro, la resistencia al estrés de V. americana, en N:P elevada y con el suministro de N oxidado, fue vinculado a cargas bajas de nutrientes

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the Second Phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since 2014 July. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the 14th from SDSS overall (making this Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes the data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (2014–2016 July) public. Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey; the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data-driven machine-learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from the SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS web site (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020 and will be followed by SDSS-V

Plant Extracts from the Yucatan Peninsula in the In Vitro Control of <i>Curvularia lunata</i> and Antifungal Effect of <i>Mosannona depressa</i> and <i>Piper neesianum</i> Extracts on Postharvest Fruits of Habanero Pepper

Plant extracts are a valuable alternative for the control of phytopathogenic fungi in horticultural crops. In the present work, the in vitro antifungal effect of ethanol and aqueous extracts from different vegetative parts of 40 native plants of the Yucatan Peninsula on Curvularia lunata ITC26, a pathogen of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense), and effects of the most active extracts on postharvest fruits were investigated. Among these, the ethanol extracts of Mosannona depressa (bark from stems and roots) and Piper neesianum (leaves) inhibited 100% of the mycelial growth of C. lunata. The three extracts were partitioned between acetonitrile and n-hexane. The acetonitrile fraction from M. depressa stem bark showed the lowest mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 188 µg/mL against C. lunata. The application of this extract and its active principle α-asarone in the postharvest fruits of C. chinense (500 µg/mL) was shown to inhibit 100% of the severity of the infection caused by C. lunata after 11 days of contact. Both samples caused the distortion and collapse of the conidia of the phytopathogen when observed using electron microscopy at 96 h. The spectrum of M. depressa enriched antifungal action is a potential candidate to be a botanical fungicide in the control of C. lunata in cultivating habanero pepper

Water Quality Indicators in Three Surface Hydraulic Connection Conditions in Tropical Floodplain Lakes

Water quality indicators have been tied to natural or man-made surface hydraulic connection (SHC) conditions. Among these, temporally connected lakes (TCL) are hydraulic intermediates between isolated (IL) and permanently connected lakes (PCL). Therefore, the aim of this study is to answer if water quality indicators can estimate the possible overlap between the two opposed conditions of SHC (IL and PCL) with the intermediate one (TCL) in lakes with similar modifications in the water level regulation at the basin level. Among nine water variables sampled in six lakes with the three SHC conditions mentioned, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), Secchi disk (SD), and total phosphorus (TP) were identified as quality water indicators through principal component analysis. Furthermore, said indicators were used to measure their overlap and trophic state index deviations. The Chl-a, SD, and TP values in TCL showed a 0.72 overlap of PCL and IL. TP surplus measured in all the lakes was meaningful in urbanized ILs and lessened in a rural lake (PCL6) with submerged rooted macrophytes. The estimated overlap of trophic indicators between TCL, IL, and PCL in this study must be verified at a global representative scale for predictive and preventive use in the conservation of tropical coastal plain lakes

A Latin American survey on demographic aspects of hospitalized, decompensated cirrhotic patients and the resources for their management

Introduction &amp; objectives: Liver cirrhosis is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Adequate diagnosis and treatment of decompensating events requires of both medical skills and updated technical resources. The objectives of this study were to search the demographic profile of hospitalized cirrhotic patients in a group of Latin American hospitals and the availability of expertise/facilities for the diagnosis and therapy of decompensation episodes. Methods: A cross sectional, multicenter survey of hospitalized cirrhotic patients. Results: 377 patients, (62% males; 58 ± 11 years) (BMI > 25, 57%; diabetes 32%) were hospitalized at 65 centers (63 urbans; 57 academically affiliated) in 13 countries on the survey date. Main admission causes were ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis/other infections. Most prevalent etiologies were alcohol-related (AR) (40%); non-alcoholic-steatohepatitis (NASH) (23%), hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) (7%) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) (6%). The most frequent concurrent etiologies were AR + NASH. Expertise and resources in every analyzed issue were highly available among participating centers, mostly accomplishing valid guidelines. However, availability of these facilities was significantly higher at institutions located in areas with population > 500,000 (n = 45) and in those having a higher complexity level (Gastrointestinal, Liver and Internal Medicine Departments at the same hospital (n = 22). Conclusions: The epidemiological etiologic profile in hospitalized, decompensated cirrhotic patients in Latin America is similar to main contemporary emergent agents worldwide. Medical and technical resources are highly available, mostly at great population urban areas and high complexity medical centers. Main diagnostic and therapeutic approaches accomplish current guidelines recommendations