Resposta fotossintética de citros a isolados de Citrus tristeza virus com potencial para proteção cruzada

The objective of this work was to evaluate the photosynthetic response of citrus varieties to the inoculation of isolates T30 and T3 of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) characterized as having potential to provide cross‑protection against severe CTV isolates in citrus. Citrus plants of 'Campbell' orange, 'Persian' lime, and 'Key' lime were subjected to inoculations by both isolates by patch. Noninoculated plants were used as the control. Symptom expression, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, and stomatal conductance were evaluated by IRGA. Stomatal density and size were evaluated by epidermal impressions. The CTV isolates were also evaluated and molecularly characterized by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. 'Campbell' orange and 'Persian' lime plants remained asymptomatic after the inoculations. The inoculation treatments with both CTV isolates did not reduce photosynthetic capacity, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance, in comparison with the control. Stomatal density and size varied according to the citrus species. T30 and T3 do not affect the photosynthetic responses of 'Campbell' orange and 'Persian' lime; therefore, these isolates have the potential to provide cross-protection to citrus varieties against severe isolates of CTV.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta fotossintética de variedades de citros submetidas à inoculação dos isolados T30 e T3 de Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) caracterizados como tendo potencial para conferir proteção cruzada a citros contra isolados severos de CTV. Plantas de citros de laranja 'Campbell', limão 'Tahiti' e limão 'Galego' foram submetidas à inoculação de ambos os isolados por “patch”. Plantas não inoculadas foram utilizadas como controle. A expressão dos sintomas,  as taxas fotossintética e de transpiração, e a condutância estomática foram avaliadas por IRGA. A densidade e o tamanho estomáticos foram avaliados por impressões epidérmicas. Os isolados de CTV também foram avaliados e caracterizados molecularmente por RT-PCR e sequenciamento de Sanger. As plantas de laranja 'Campbell' e limão 'Tahiti' permaneceram assintomáticas após as inoculações. Os tratamentos de inoculação com ambos os isolados de CTV não reduziram capacidade fotossintética, taxas de transpiração e condutância estomática, em comparação ao controle. A densidade e o tamanho estomáticos variaram de acordo com a espécie. T30 e T3 não afetam as respostas fotossintéticas de laranja 'Campbell' e limão 'Tahiti'; portanto, estes isolados têm potencial para promover proteção cruzada a variedades de citros contra isolados severos de CTV

Seasonal abundance of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) in citrus groves in Cazones, Veracruz, México

Se evaluó la abundancia estacional del Psílido Asiático de los Cítricos Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, en plantaciones de cítricos en la región de Cazones, Veracruz, México. Durante el período de Febrero de 2010 a Febrero de 2012 se realizaron registros quincenales de adultos de D. citri en trampas amarillas, así como la presencia de huevos, ninfas, adultos y enemigos  naturales en los brotes. Las poblaciones del psílido se presentaron durante todo el periodo de estudio, detectando picos poblacionales en Febrero, Marzo, Abril y Julio en las plantaciones. Los incrementos en las infestaciones del psílido mostraron una relación positiva con respecto a la abundancia de brotes, y éstos a su vez, con latemperatura y precipitación. Durante el periodo de estudio, los enemigos naturales no fueron un factor determinante en la regulación de las poblaciones del psílido, mientras que la abundancia de brotes en los árboles de cítricos, representa un factor clave en el manejo integrado de esta plaga.Seasonal abundance of the Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, wasevaluated on citrus groves in the region of Cazones, Veracruz, Mexico. For the period from February 2010 to February 2012, biweekly records for adult specimens were made using yellow sticky cardboard traps, as well as the presence of eggs, nymphs, adults, and natural enemies on the flush shoots were also registered. Psyllid populations occurred throughout the period of study, detecting population peaks on February, March, April and July in the citrus plantations. Increases of psyllid infestations were positively related to the abundance of new shoot flushes, and these in turn, were related to the temperature and rainfall. Natural enemies were not a decisive factor in regulating liviid populations, while the abundance of shoot flushes produced by citrus treescould play an important role in integrated psyllid management

Association of myostatin, a cytokine released by muscle, with inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis

Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Fondo de Investigacion en Salud, FIS/IMSS/PROT/MD16/1565Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Myostatin is a cytokine produced and released by myocytes that might have an outstanding role not only in muscle wasting during cachexia but also in inflammation. Herein we explore the association between myostatin levels and inflammatory parameters in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). One hundred twenty-seven women without rheumatic diseases and 84 women with a diagnosis of RA were assessed in a cross-sectional study. Outcomes reflecting the activity of the arthritis including Disease Activity Score (DAS28-ESR) and impairment in functioning by the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index were assessed in RA. We obtained Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and fat mass index using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Serum myostatin was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Myostatin levels were correlated with disease activity and parameters of muscle mass. The SMI was lower and concentration of myostatin was higher in RA patients than in controls (P = .008 and P < .001, respectively). Myostatin significantly positively correlated with C-reactive protein (rho = 0.48, P < .001), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (rho = 0.28, P = .009), and DAS28-ESR (rho = 0.22, P = .04), and negatively correlated with SMI (rho = −0.29, P = .008), (FFMI) (rho = −0.24, P = .027). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, levels of myostatin remained associated with disease activity in RA (P = .027). In our study, myostatin was associated with disease activity in RA patients, suggesting a mechanistic link between myostatin, muscle wasting and inflammation in RA

Tecnología de la elaboración de quesos: experiencias de investigación aplicada y capacitación para estudiantes, técnicos, pequeños productores y la comunidad en general

Con un volumen de unos 11.300 millones de litros anuales, la Argentina es el segundo productor de leche de Latinoamérica, luego de Brasil. Los quesos constituyen el destino industrial más importante de la leche en nuestro país. Con los objetivos de 1) difundir los aspectos más salientes de los procesos de transformación de leche en productos elaborados para el público en general y 2) realizar aportes en la mejora de los procesos de producción de quesos para pequeños productores y técnicos del sector, hemos venido realizando en los últimos años diferentes actividades desde el Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Agroindustriales (LIPA) de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Así, se organizaron talleres y cursos de capacitación para diferentes grupos: a) alumnos de educación inicial interesados en conocer los fundamentos del proceso de transformación de leche en queso, b) estudiantes de colegios secundarios agropecuarios con interés en profundizar en aspectos de calidad e industrialización de leche, c) estudiantes de la carrera de biotecnología de la UNLP con curiosidad por conocer cómo herramientas de interés desarrolladas biotecnológicamente (cuajo, cultivos iniciadores) son empleadas en la industria, d) pequeños productores y técnicos con interés de mejorar sus productos y servicios. Asimismo, en el laboratorio se llevan adelante investigaciones aplicadas tendientes a determinar la influencia de factores de proceso sobre la calidad y estabilidad de quesos. Algunos de los aspectos analizados incluyen la influencia del nivel de grasa de la leche sobre la calidad sensorial, composición de quesos, la optimización de la obtención de ricota a partir de leche, la influencia de la intensidad de lavado de la masa sobre las propiedades funcionales de queso cremoso. La combinación de investigación aplicada y actividades de capacitación y divulgación resulta una estrategia indispensable para poder transferir los conocimientos disponibles en las instituciones universitarias al medio así como para retroalimentar a la universidad con problemáticas reales y los saberes del sector productivo.Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Agroindustriale

Model of enteric methane emissions supports climate change mitigation in Colombia’s cattle sector

Key messages ◼ The RUMINANT model qualifies as an advanced or “Tier 3” method for estimating emissions from enteric fermentation in ruminant livestock. ◼ The RUMINANT model was validated for enteric methane emissions from cattle in the tropical lowlands (Cauca Valley) of Colombia using six different diets given to feeder steers in 2017. ◼ There was a good correlation between field measurements of enteric fermentation using the polytunnel technique and estimates made using the RUMINANT model. ◼ Based on findings from the validation process, RUMINANT has been used to improve Colombia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the preparation of the sustainable bovine livestock Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) information note. ◼ The RUMINANT model could support the measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) phase of the NDCs of Colombia and other countries

Implicaciones metodológicas e inconsistencias de la Tercera Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático de Colombia

Las Comunicaciones Nacionales sobre Cambio Climático (CNCC) son un mecanismo para que los países informen sus avances en mitigación y adaptación, y constituyen uno de los elementos de base para la política sobre cambio climático a escala nacional. Colombia ha emitido tres CNCC. La tercera plantea un escenario que considera las proyecciones de diversos modelos incluidos en la quinta fase del Proyecto de Comparación de Modelos Acoplados (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, CMIP), el cual se estima como el promedio de las proyecciones correspondientes a las cuatro trayectorias de concentración representativa (Representative Concentration Pathways,RCP) presentadas en el quinto reporte de evaluación del Panel Intergubernamental sobre Cambio Climático. Cada una de estas RCP representa una trayectoria de concentración de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) para un escenario particular de crecimiento poblacional, económico y tecnológico que conduce a una posible trayectoria de evolución del sistema climático. En este estudio se comparan las proyecciones presentadas en la Tercera CNCC con las obtenidas directamente de los modelos empleados. Nuestros resultados demuestran que al utilizarse un promedio de RCP se pierden escenarios alternos que podrían ser importantes a la hora de considerar posibles futuros diferentes y anulan la utilidad de plantear diversas trayectorias de emisiones de GEI. Más aun, una comparación entre la Segunda y la Tercera CNCC muestra proyecciones de precipitación opuestas para diferentes regiones del país, lo cual es de particular importancia, pues el escenario de cambio climático planteado en la Tercera CNCC sirve de referencia para la toma de decisiones en materia de cambio climático a nivel nacional

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Total and Subtypes of Dietary Fat Intake and Its Association with Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in a Mediterranean Population at High Cardiovascular Risk

Background: The effect of dietary fat intake on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and in turn on cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear in individuals at high CVD risk. Objective: To assess the association between fat intake and MetS components in an adult Mediterranean population at high CVD risk. Design: Baseline assessment of nutritional adequacy in participants (n = 6560, men and women, 55-75 years old, with overweight/obesity and MetS) in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED)-Plus randomized trial. Methods: Assessment of fat intake (total fat, monounsatured fatty acids: MUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids: PUFA, saturated fatty acids: SFA, trans-fatty acids: trans-FA, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and ω-3 FA) using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality using 17-item Mediterranean dietary questionnaire and fat quality index (FQI). Results: Participants in the highest quintile of total dietary fat intake showed lower intake of energy, carbohydrates, protein and fiber, but higher intake of PUFA, MUFA, SFA, TFA, LA, ALA and ω-3 FA. Differences in MetS components were found according to fat intake. Odds (5th vs. 1st quintile): hyperglycemia: 1.3-1.6 times higher for total fat, MUFA, SFA and ω-3 FA intake; low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c): 1.2 higher for LA; hypertriglyceridemia: 0.7 lower for SFA and ω-3 FA intake. Conclusions: Dietary fats played different role on MetS components of high CVD risk patients. Dietary fat intake was associated with higher risk of hyperglycemia