La comunicación en la escuela infantil: algunas consideraciones teóricas de utilidad para maestros e

El presente artículo pretende servir de punto de arranque para una reflexión ordenada que sustente y nutra la labor diaria del maestro de Educación Infantil. En él se da cuenta de la complejidad de los procesos de comunicación que acontecen en las aulas de este nivel educativo. Con esa intención se examinan, por un lado, los participantes y los elementos que intervienen y, por otro, las sutiles y complejas relaciones que entre ellos se establecen.This article aims to engage teacher trainees in a systematic reflection that supports and enriches the everyday work of the Infant Education teacher. The complex nature of the communication processes in the infant classroom is analysed. With this purpose, the autor examines on one hand the participants and other intervening elements in these communication processes and on the other hand the refined and complex relationships that are set up between them

Le canevas d’une linguistique émergeante: contribution au développement des compétences métalinguistiques

El presente artículo aborda, en primer lugar, una reflexión sobre el concepto de competencia metalingüística y sus diferentes grados de concreción, así como sobre cómo se alcanza a lo largo de la etapa de Educación Infantil, de 3 a 6 años. En segundo lugar, se ofrecen una serie de propuestas prácticas para contribuir a su desarrollo en el niño. Todo ello teniendo como horizonte la preparación de los escolares para el acceso a la lengua escrita, uno de los objetivos fundamentales de este tramo educativo.This paper deals with a reflection on the concept of metalinguistic competence and its varying stages of realization, and the way they are reached throughout the education period of 3-6 years old. Secondly, it offers a series of practical proposals to contribute to the children’s development, the main goal being the preparation of school children to learn how to read and write, one of the main objectives of this stage of their education.Cet article est, premièrement, une réflexion sur le concept de compétence métalinguistique et ses diffèrent degrés de concrétion, ainsi comme sur la façon où cette compétence est acquise tout au long de l’Éducation d’Enfance, de 3 jusqu’à 6 ans. Deuxièmement, on offre ici une série de propositions pratiques pour contribuer à leur développement chez l’enfant. Tout cela, avec le but de la préparation des écoliers pour accéder à la langue écrite, un des principaux objectifs de cette étape éducative

Descripción audiológica de sujetos con enfermedad de Parkinson pertenecientes al servicio de salud pública de la región del Maule, Chile

81 p.Objetivo: Determinar las características audiológicas de sujetos con enfermedad de Parkinson pertenecientes a la red de salud pública (beneficiarios ley GES), de la región del Maule. Material y métodos: a través de un estudio descriptivo no experimental transeccional, se estudió a 30 sujetos con EP con edades comprendidas entre los 54 y 81 años que asisten al sistema de salud pública de la región del Maule. Se les aplicó anamnesis y se realizaron procedimientos de otoscopia, impedanciometría, audiometría tonal convencional, búsqueda del umbral de disconfort auditivo (LDL), la prueba de deterioro tonal de Rosenberg y logoaudiometría. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron con el programa SPSS edición 19 (Statistical Product and Service Solutions). Resultados y conclusión: la mayoría de los sujetos pertenecientes a la muestra presentaron una alteración en la audición existiendo una orientación hacia una patología de predominio sensorial en todas las pruebas aplicadas, lo que se asemeja a la disminución de la audición provocada por la edad. Palabras claves: enfermedad de Parkinson, hipoacusia, audiometría. /ABSTRACT: Objective: To determine the audiological features of subjects with Parkinson's disease belonging to the network of public health (beneficiaries law GES), in the region of Maule. Methods: through a descriptive non-experimental study, 30 subjects with PD were studied from 54 to 81 years attending the public health system in the region of Maule. It was applied anamnesis and otoscopy procedures, impedance, conventional audiometry, auditory threshold search discomfort (LDL), tonal deteriore of Rosenberg and speech discrimination were made. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS program version 19 (Statistical Product and Service Solutions). Results and conclusion: most of the subjects in our sample have an impaired hearing and there is a shift towards pathology of sensory dominance in all tests applied, which resembles the hearing loss caused by age. Keywords: Parkinson's disease, hearing loss, Audiometry

The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar and APOGEE-2 Data

This paper documents the seventeenth data release (DR17) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys; the fifth and final release from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). DR17 contains the complete release of the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, which reached its goal of surveying over 10,000 nearby galaxies. The complete release of the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar) accompanies this data, providing observations of almost 30,000 stars through the MaNGA instrument during bright time. DR17 also contains the complete release of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) survey which publicly releases infra-red spectra of over 650,000 stars. The main sample from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), as well as the sub-survey Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) data were fully released in DR16. New single-fiber optical spectroscopy released in DR17 is from the SPectroscipic IDentification of ERosita Survey (SPIDERS) sub-survey and the eBOSS-RM program. Along with the primary data sets, DR17 includes 25 new or updated Value Added Catalogs (VACs). This paper concludes the release of SDSS-IV survey data. SDSS continues into its fifth phase with observations already underway for the Milky Way Mapper (MWM), Local Volume Mapper (LVM) and Black Hole Mapper (BHM) surveys

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega‐phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white‐sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long‐standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Didáctica (lengua y literatura)

Resumen elaborado a partir del contenido de la publicaciónSiguiendo las reglas que permiten la observación de las relaciones que se establecen entre las unidades lingüísticas, las funciones que desempeñan, los procedimientos de formación de palabras, las categorías gramaticales etc., se aborda el estudio y el conocimiento de la lengua, su funcionamiento y las reglas subyacentes a la expresión. Ambos caminos pueden contribuir a la consecución de los objetivos fijados para los niveles educativos de Educación Primaria y Secundaria que, a su vez, se orientan en una doble vía: el uso de la propia lengua y la reflexión sobre la misma. Así pues, se sugieren una serie de juegos, ejercicios o actividades orientadas en esa doble vertiente: que apunten o esbocen propuestas de trabajo a partir de las cuales puedan confeccionarse actividades puntuales, y, por otro lado, llamar la atención sobre determinados aspectos de la lengua que merecen ejercitación especial. No se debe buscar pues un “recetario didáctico”, sino más bien una serie de ideas que sirvan de arranque y orientación para la labor docente.ES