The Early Jurassic palynostratigraphy of the Lusitanian Basin, western Portugal

A comprehensive investigation of the Early Jurassic stratigraphical palynology of the Lusitanian Basin in western Portugal was undertaken, with most emphasis placed on dinoflagellate cysts. A total of 214 samples from an upper Sinemurian to upper Toarcian composite section based on six successions were examined. The Sinemurian material examined was barren of dinoflagellate cysts; however, the Pliensbachian and Toarcian successions are characterised by relatively low diversities where Luehndea spinosa, Mancodinium semitabulatum, Mendicodinium microscabratum, Nannoceratopsis gracilis, Nannoceratopsis senex, and Scriniocassis priscus are relatively common and biostratigraphically significant. Luehndea spinosa dominates the lowermost Toarcian (Dactylioceras polymorphum ammonite Biozone), and is an index species. At the base of the Hildaites levisoni ammonite Biozone, the effects of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) caused Luehndea spinosa to become extinct. At the same time, dinoflagellate cyst abundance and diversity markedly decreased. After the T-OAE, during the middle and late Toarcian, phytoplankton recovery was prolonged and slow in the Lusitanian Basin. The Luehndea spinosa and Mendicodinium microscabratum dinoflagellate cyst biozones are defined, both of which are subdivided into two dinoflagellate cyst subbiozone

The effects of the Jenkyns Event on the radiation of Early Jurassic dinoflagellate cysts

This contribution is an overview of the Early Jurassic dinoflagellate cysts of the Lusitanian Basin in Portugal, with particular emphasis on the effects of the Jenkyns Event (Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event) on the evolution of this planktonic group. We review and discuss data from 214 samples from six Lower Jurassic successions (upper Sinemurian to upper Toarcian) in the Lusitanian Basin. The late Pliensbachian radiation of dinoflagellate cysts was well recognized in this basin. The pre-Jenkyns Event interval is highly productive, with maximum abundance and species richness values. However, this palaeoenvironmental perturbation severely affected the evolution of this group for the remainder of the Early Jurassic. The prolonged recovery of the dinoflagellates in the Toarcian following the Jenkyns Event is not typical of the northern regions (Arctic and Boreal realms), where new species began to evolve earlier compared with southern European basins

The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015

The palynology of the lower and middle Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) in the northern Lusitanian Basin, western Portugal

The lower and middle Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) successions of the northern Lusitanian Basin in western Portugal were examined for palynomorphs. Two localities, the Maria Pares and the Vale das Fontes sections, were sam-pled. The sections span the Dactylioceras polymorphum, Hildaites leyisoni and Hildoceras bifrons ammonite biozones. The samples produced relatively low diversity dinoflagellate cyst floras which are typical of those from coeval European successions; the most abundant species is Luehndea spinosa. The other forms encountered were Mancodinium semitabulatum, Mendicodinium microscabratum, M. spinosum subsp. spinosum, Mendicodinium sp., Nannoceratopsis ambonis, N. gracilis and N. senex. Dinoflagellate cysts typically dominate throughout the Dactylioceras polymorphum ammonite biozone; their abundance significantly decreased in the overlying Hildaites levisoni and Hildoceras bifrons ammonite biozones. The low diversity Luehndea-Nannoceratopsis dinoflagellate cyst flora of the northern Lusitanian Basin is characteristic of the Sub-Boreal region of Europe. This is a transitional region, intercalated between the Boreal and Tethyan realms. The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) in the northern Lusitanian Basin is characterised by a sudden decline in palynomorph abundance and diversity, including the virtual absence of acritarchs and dinoflagellate cysts. Following the T-OAE, Mancodinium semitabulatum and Mendicodinium spp. were the only dinoflagellate cysts recorded. This 'blackout' of dinoflagellate cysts during the T-OAE, and their partial recovery following the event, shows that dinoflagellate populations were responding to a major palaeoenvironmental change. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology [SFRH/BD/93950/2013]Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic project [UID/MAR/04292/2013

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved