Relationship between isotopic composition (Δ18O and Δ13C) and plaktonic foraminifera test size in core tops from the Brazilian Continental Margin

O tamanho de testa dos foraminíferos é uma importante fonte de variabilidade isotópica (δ18O e δ13C) em amostras de sedimento marinho comprometendo as interpretações paloeceanograficas. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a relação entre o sinal isotópico medido em diferentes frações de tamanho de testa das espécies planctônicas, Globigerinoides ruber (branca) e Globorotalia truncatulinoides (dextral) em amostras de topo de dois testemunhos localizados na Margem Continental Brasileira. Os valores de δ18O foram utilizados para estimar a profundidade de calcificação de cada fração de tamanho. Os desequilíbrios nos valores de δ13C para cada fração de tamanho foram estimados. Os valores de δ18O em G. ruber (branca) não apresentaram tendência com o tamanho sugerindo que calcifica dentro de um mesmo intervalo de profundidade (c.a. 100 m) durante a ontogenia. Os valores de δ18O em G. truncatulinoides (dextral) apresentaram aumento com o tamanho refletindo a migração ontogênica em águas da termoclina (250-400 m). Os valores e desequilíbrios de δ13C aumentaram com o tamanho nas duas espécies indicando o efeito da variação nas taxas fisiológicas durante a ontogenia. Em G. ruber (white) os valores de δ13C dos maiores tamanhos (300µm e >;355µm) refletem melhor os valores de δ13C DIC indicando que são mais apropriados para utilizar nas reconstruções paleoceanograficas.Stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic signature registered in fossil planktonic foraminifera tests are widely used to reconstruct ancient oceanographic conditions. Test size is a major source of stable isotope variability in planktonic foraminifera found in sediment samples and thus can compromise paleoceanographic interpretations. Test size/stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) relationships were evaluated in two planktonic foraminifer species (Globigerinoides ruber (white) and Globorotalia truncatulinoides (right)) in two core tops from the Brazilian Continental Margin. δ18 Omeasurements were used to predict the depth of calcification of each test size fraction. δ13C offsets for each test size fraction were then estimated. No systematic δ18O changes with size were observed in G. ruber (white) suggesting a similar calcification depth range (c.a. 100 m) during ontogeny. For G. truncatulinoides (right) δ18O values increased with size indicating ontogenetic migration along thermocline waters (250-400 m). δ13C measurements and δ13C offsets increased with size for both species reflecting well known physiological induced ontogenetic-related variability. In G. ruber (white) the largest test size fractions (300µm and >;355µm) more closely reflect δ13C DIC indicating they are best suited for paleoceanographic studies

O Quaternário no Escudo Sul-Rio-Grandense: um Paleoambiente Lacustre em Encruzilhada do Sul, RS.

Quaternary lacustrine deposits were identified and studied for the first time in a 1.2 m core test (PED-92/T-15) on the Precambrian Shield of Rio Grande do Sul at Encruzilhada do Sul. The area of the deposit is about one kilometer square. Sedimentologic and micropaleontologic study identified the following sequence: sand (base) → non laminated, silty black clay → slightly sandy/silty black clay → silty black clay with organic matter and some pebbles. Diatoms of the Order Pennales are the dominant microfossils. The sedimentary sequence shows that an initial shallow, sandy lake eutrophied and became filled with organic-rich clays

Evaluation of two genera of benthic foraminifera for down-core paleotemperature studies in the western south atlantic

In this study we have compared the oxygen isotopic composition of two genera of benthic foraminifera (Uvigerinaand Cibicidoides) from core-top samples with modern oxygen isotopic composition of seawater (d18O). Based on a new relationship between d18O and salinity for the mid-latitude western South Atlantic, we estimated the isotopic composition of equilibrium calcite (d18Oeq) using two different equations: (1) O'Neil et al. (1969), modified by McCorkle et al. (1997) and (2) Kim & O'Neil (1997). When using (1), the small difference between d18Oeq and d18O of Uvigerina suggests that this genus precipitates its shell close to equilibrium with ambient seawater. The d18OCibicidoides data are 0.82 ‰ lower than the predicted (equilibrium) oxygen isotopic composition. Conversely, using (2) the Cibicidoides d18O data show excellent agreement with the oxygen isotopic composition predicted from d18O and water temperature while Uvigerina d18O data are 0.69 ‰ higher than predicted oxygen isotope equilibrium values. Based on the evidences presented here and on the results from previous studies we suggest using the genus Cibicidoides and applying Kim & O'Neil's (1997) equation for down-core paleotemperature investigations. In the absence of enough Cibicidoides specimens we suggest using Uvigerina d18O data and applying a correction factor of -0.69 ‰.Neste estudo, compara-se a composição de isótopos de oxigênio de dois gêneros de foraminíferos bentônicos (Uvigerina e Cibicidoides) de amostras de topo de testemunho com a composição isotópica moderna da água do mar (d18O). Baseados em uma nova relação entre d18O e salinidade para a latitude média do Atlântico Sul ocidental, estimou-se a composição isotópica da calcita em equilíbrio (d18Oeq) a partir de duas equações diferentes: (1) O'Neil et al. (1969), modificada por McCorkle et al. (1997) e (2) Kim & O'Neil (1997). Utilizando (1), a pequena diferença entre d18Oeq e d18O de Uvigerina sugere que este gênero precipita as suas testas próximo ao equilíbrio com a água. Já os dados de d18O de Cibicidoides são 0,82 ‰ menores que a composição isotópica prevista. Ao contrário, utilizando (2) os dados de d18O de Cibicidoides mostram uma concordância excelente com a composição isotópica esperada, enquanto que os dados de d18O de Uvigerina são 0,69 ‰ maiores que os valores de equilíbrio previstos. A partir das evidências apresentadas neste trabalho e em estudos prévios sugerimos a utilização do gênero Cibicidoides e a aplicação da equação de Kim & O'Neil (1997) para pesquisas de paleotemperatura. Na ausência de suficientes espécimens de Cibicidoides sugerimos a utilização de d18O deUvigerina aplicando um fator de correção de -0,69 ‰

The Southern Brazilian shelf: general characteristics, quaternary evolution and sediment distribution

Extending from latitude 34ºS to 22ºS the Southern Brazilian shelf constitutes the only part of the Brazilian shelf with a subtropical to temperate environment. The studies on the different geological aspects of the area began in the 1960's and have recently been reassessed after studies related to the determination of the Economic Exclusive Zone. In terms of morphology, the Southern Brazilian shelf may be divided into three sectors, the São Paulo Bight, the Florianópolis-Mostardas Sector and the Rio Grande Cone, characterized by conspicuous differences in terms of geological determining factors, bathymetry, declivities and the presence of canyons and channels. Despite the existence of hundreds of radiocarbon datings the sea level changes curve of southern Brazil during the Last Glacial Cycle is still a matter of debate. A recent controversy on the Middle and late Holocene sea level changes curve raised the question of the amplitude of the oscillations which occurred in the period. Also, a few but relatively consistent radiocarbon datings suggest the occurrence of a high sea level during Isotope Stage 3. In terms of sedimentary cover the Southern Brazilian shelf exhibits a very strong hydrodynamic control, both latitudinal and bathymetrical. The sector southward from 25ºS is characterized by the influence of the plume of water carrying sediments originating from the Río de La Plata. Actually its presence is conspicuous up to 28ºS, with the area between this latitude and 25ºS constituting a transitional zone. In terms of bathymetry the outer shelf is marked by the "floor-polisher" effect of the Brazil Current, which is responsible for the maintenance of a relict facies in areas deeper than 100 meters.Estendendo-se entre as latitudes 34ºS e 22ºS, a plataforma continental sul-brasileira constitui o único setor que corresponde a um ambiente subtropical a temperado. Os estudos dos diferentes aspectos geológicos da área iniciaram-se na década de 1960 e foram recentemente retomados após os trabalhos relativos à delimitação da Zona Econômica Exclusiva. Em termos de morfologia, pode ser dividida em três setores: Embaiamento de São Paulo, Setor Florianópolis-Mostardas e o Cone do Rio Grande, cada qual definido com base em diferenças geológicas relativas a batimetria, declividade e a presença de cânions e canais. A despeito da existência de centenas de datações ao radiocarbono, a curva de variações relativas do nível do mar no Último Ciclo Glacial é ainda tema de debate. Controvérsia recente sobre as curvas de variação do nível do mar sobre as durante o Holoceno Médio e Tardio trouxe à tona a questão da amplitude das oscilações do nível do mar. Adicionalmente, poucas mas consistentes datações sugerem a ocorrência de um nível do mar elevado durante o Estágio Isotópico 3. Em termos de processos sedimentares atuais, a plataforma continental sul-brasileira exibe um controle hidrodinâmico muito forte, tanto latitudinal quanto batimétrico. O setor ao sul de 25ºS é caracterizado pela influência da pluma de água que carreia sedimentos originários do Rio da Prata, cuja presença é conspícua até 28ºS, havendo uma zona de transição entre essas duas latitudes. A plataforma externa é marcada pelo "efeito enceradeira" da Corrente do Brasil, relíquia responsável pela manutenção de uma fácies em áreas além da isóbata de 100 metros.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)(CNPq) Conselho de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Atlantic circulation and ice sheet influences on upper South Atlantic temperatures during the last deglaciation

© The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Umling, N. E., Oppo, D. W., Chen, P., Yu, J., Liu, Z., Yan, M., Gebbie, G., Lund, D. C., Pietro, K. R., Jin, Z. D., Huang, K., Costa, K. B., & Toledo, F. A. L. Atlantic circulation and ice sheet influences on upper South Atlantic temperatures during the last deglaciation. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34(6), (2019): 990-1005, doi:10.1029/2019PA003558.Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) disruption during the last deglaciation is hypothesized to have caused large subsurface ocean temperature anomalies, but records from key regions are not available to test this hypothesis, and other possible drivers of warming have not been fully considered. Here, we present the first reliable evidence for subsurface warming in the South Atlantic during Heinrich Stadial 1, confirming the link between large‐scale heat redistribution and AMOC. Warming extends across the Bølling‐Allerød despite predicted cooling at this time, thus spanning intervals of both weak and strong AMOC indicating another forcing mechanism that may have been previously overlooked. Transient model simulations and quasi‐conservative water mass tracers suggest that reduced northward upper ocean heat transport was responsible for the early deglacial (Heinrich Stadial 1) accumulation of heat at our shallower (~1,100 m) site. In contrast, the results suggest that warming at our deeper site (~1,900 m) site was dominated by southward advection of North Atlantic middepth heat anomalies. During the Bølling‐Allerød, the demise of ice sheets resulted in oceanographic changes in the North Atlantic that reduced convective heat loss to the atmosphere, causing subsurface warming that overwhelmed the cooling expected from an AMOC reinvigoration. The data and simulations suggest that rising atmospheric CO2 did not contribute significantly to deglacial subsurface warming at our sites.We thank H. Abrams, G. Swarr, and J. Watson for technical assistance. This work was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation grant OCE15‐558341, the Investment in Science Fund at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT140100993). The data are included in the supporting information and are available online (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/26530)

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio