6 research outputs found
Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Author
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbas Kaja M.
- Abbasi Mohammad
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasifard Mitra
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd El Razek Hassan Magdy
- Abd El Razek Muhammed Magdy
- Abd-Allah Foad
- Abdelalim Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahpour Ibrahim
- Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi
- Abdullah Kanaan Hamagharib
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Parisa
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abosetugn Akine Eshete
- Aboyans Victor
- Abrams Elissa M.
- Abreu Lucas Guimaraes
- Abrigo Michael R. M.
- Abu Haimed Abdulaziz Khalid
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Raddad Laith Jamal
- Abualhasan Ahmed
- Abushouk Abdelrahman I.
- Acebedo Alyssa
- Ackerman Ilana N.
- Adabi Maryam
- Adair Tim
- Adamu Abdu A.
- Adebayo Oladimeji M.
- Adedeji Isaac Akinkunmi
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adelson Jaimie D.
- Adeoye Abiodun Moshood
- Adetokunboh Olatunji O.
- Adham Davoud
- Advani Shailesh M.
- Afarideh Mohsen
- Afshari Mahdi
- Afshin Ashkan
- Agardh Emilie E.
- Agarwal Gina
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Agesa Kareha M.
- Aghaali Mohammad
- Aghamir Seyed Mohammad Kazem
- Agrawal Anurag
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Alireza
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadi Mehdi
- Ahmadieh Hamid
- Ahmadpour Ehsan
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Aji Budi
- Akalu Temesgen Yihunie
- Akinyemi Rufus Olusola
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akombi Blessing
- Akunna Chisom Joyqueenet
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M.
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M.
- Alahdab Fares
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Noore
- Alam Samiah
- Alam Tahiya
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M.
- Albertson Samuel B.
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Alema Niguse Meles
- Alemu Biresaw Wassihun
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alhabib Khalid F.
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Muhammad
- Ali Saqib
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alijanzadeh Mehran
- Alinia Cyrus
- Alipour Vahid
- Alizade Hesam
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alla Francois
- Allebeck Peter
- Almadi Majid Abdulrahman Hamad
- Almasi Ali
- Almasi-Hashiani Amir
- Almasri Nihad A.
- Almulhim Abdulaziz M.
- Alonso Jordi
- Altirkawi Khalid A.
- Alumran Arwa Khalid
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alvis-Zakzuk Nelson J.
- Amare Azmeraw T.
- Amare Bekalu
- Amini Saeed
- Amini-Rarani Mostafa
- Aminorroaya Arya
- Amiri Fatemeh
- Amit Arianna Maever L.
- Amugsi Dickson A.
- Amul Gianna Gayle Herrera
- Anbesu Etsay Woldu
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson Jason A.
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Andrei Tudorel
- Androudi Sofia
- Angus Colin
- Anjomshoa Mina
- Ansari Fereshteh
- Ansari Iman
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Antonazzo Ippazio Cosimo
- Antonio Carl Abelardo T.
- Antony Catherine M.
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anvari Davood
- Anwer Razique
- Appiah Seth Christopher Yaw
- Arab-Zozani Morteza
- Arabloo Jalal
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y.
- Arba Aseb Arba Kinfe
- Aremu Olatunde
- Ariani Filippo
- Aripov Timur
- Armoon Bahram
- Arnlov Johan
- Arowosegbe Oluwaseyi Olalekan
- Aryal Krishna K.
- Arzani Afsaneh
- Asaad Malke
- Asadi-Aliabadi Mehran
- Asadi-Pooya Ali A.
- Asgari Samaneh
- Asghari Babak
- Ashbaugh Charlie
- Assmus Michael
- Atafar Zahra
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atnafu Desta Debalkie
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Atre Sachin R.
- Atteraya Madhu Sudhan
- Ausloos Floriane
- Ausloos Marcel
- Avila-Burgos Leticia
- Avokpaho Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur
- Ayano Getinet
- Ayanore Martin Amogre
- Aynalem Getie Lake
- Aynalem Yared Asmare
- Ayza Muluken Altaye
- Azari Samad
- Azarian Ghasem
- Azene Zelalem Nigussie
- Azhar Gulrez
- Azzopardi Peter S.
- Babaee Ebrahim
- Badawi Alaa
- Badiye Ashish D.
- Bagherzadeh Mojtaba
- Bagli Eleni
- Bahrami Mohammad Amin
- Baig Atif Amin
- Bairwa Mohan
- Bakhshaei Mohammad Hossein
- Bakhtiari Ahad
- Bakkannavar Shankar M.
- Balachandran Arun
- Balakrishnan Senthilkumar
- Balalla Shivanthi
- Balassyano Shelly
- Baldasseroni Alberto
- Bali Ahmed Omar
- Ball Kylie
- Ballew Shoshana H.
- Balzi Daniela
- Banach Maciej
- Bandpei Mohammad A. Mohseni
- Banerjee Srikanta K.
- Banik Palash Chandra
- Bannick Marlena S.
- Bante Agegnehu Bante
- Bante Simachew Animen
- Baraki Adhanom Gebreegziabher
- Barboza Miguel A.
- Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn
- Barnighausen Till Winfried
- Barrero Lope H.
- Barthelemy Celine M.
- Barua Lingkan
- Barzegar Akbar
- Basaleem Huda
- Bassat Quique
- Basu Sanjay
- Baune Bernhard T.
- Bayati Mohsen
- Baye Bayisa Abdissa
- Bazmandegan Gholamreza
- Becker Jacob S.
- Bedi Neeraj
- Beghi Ettore
- Behzadifar Masoud
- Bejot Yannick
- Bekuma Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye
- Bell Michelle L.
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- Bender Rose G.
- Bennett Derrick A.
- Bennitt Fiona B.
- Bensenor Isabela M.
- Benziger Catherine P.
- Berhe Kidanemaryam
- Berman Adam E.
- Bernabe Eduardo
- Bernstein Robert S.
- Bertolacci Gregory J.
- Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
- Bhageerathy Reshmi
- Bhala Neeraj
- Bhandari Dinesh
- Bhardwaj Pankaj
- Bhat Anusha Ganapati
- Bhattacharyya Krittika
- Bhattarai Suraj
- Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
- Bibi Sadia
- Bicer Burcu Kucuk
- Biehl Molly H.
- Bijani Ali
- Bikbov Boris
- Bilano Ver
- Bin Sayeed Muhammad Shahdaat
- Bin Zaman Sojib
- Biondi Antonio
- Birihane Binyam Minuye
- Bisanzio Donal
- Bisignano Catherine
- Biswas Raaj Kishore
- Bitew Helen
- Bjorge Tone
- Bockarie Moses John
- Bohlouli Somayeh
- Bohluli Mehdi
- Bojia Hunduma Amensisa
- Bolla Srinivasa Rao
- Boloor Archith
- Boon-Dooley Alexandra S.
- Borges Guilherme
- Borzi Antonio Maria
- Borzouei Shiva
- Bose Dipan
- Bosetti Cristina
- Boston Sofia
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- Bourne Rupert
- Brady Oliver J.
- Braithwaite Dejana
- Brauer Michael
- Brayne Carol
- Breitborde Nicholas J. K.
- Breitner Susanne
- Brenner Hermann
- Breusov Alexey V.
- Briant Paul Svitil
- Briggs Andrew M.
- Briko Andrey Nikolaevich
- Briko Nikolay Ivanovich
- Britton Gabrielle B.
- Brugha Traolach
- Bryazka Dana
- Buchbinder Rachelle
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- Busse Reinhard
- Butt Zahid A.
- Caetano dos Santos Florentino Luciano
- Cahill Leah E.
- Cahuana-Hurtado Lucero
- Cai Tianji
- Callender Charlton S. K. H.
- Camera Luis Alberto
- Campos-Nonato Ismael R.
- Cao Jackie
- Car Josip
- Car Lorainne Tudor
- Cardenas Rosario
- Carreras Giulia
- Carrero Juan J.
- Carvalho Felix
- Castaldelli-Maia Joao Mauricio
- Castaneda-Orjuela Carlos A.
- Castelpietra Giulio
- Castle Chris D.
- Castro Emma
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- Catala-Lopez Ferran
- Causey Kate
- Cederroth Christopher R.
- Cercy Kelly M.
- Cerin Ester
- Chalek Julian
- Chandan Joht Singh
- Chang Alex R.
- Chang Angela Y.
- Chang Jung-Chen
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- Charan Jaykaran
- Charlson Fiona J.
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Chaturvedi Sarika
- Cherbuin Nicolas
- Chimed-Ochir Odgerel
- Chin Ken Lee
- Chirinos-Caceres Jesus Lorenzo
- Cho Daniel Youngwhan
- Choi Jee-Young Jasmine
- Christensen Hanne
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Chung Michael T.
- Chung Sheng-Chia
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- Ciobanu Liliana G.
- Cirillo Massimo
- Cislaghi Beniamino
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- Cross Di H.
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- Crowe Christopher Stephen
- Cruz Jessica A.
- Cummins Steven
- Cunningham Matthew
- D'Amico Emanuele
- da Silva Diana Dias
- Dahlawi Saad M. A.
- Dai Haijiang
- Dai Hancheng
- Damasceno Albertino Antonio Moura
- Damiani Giovanni
- Dandona Lalit
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- Daneshpajouhnejad Parnaz
- Dangel William James
- Danielsson Anna-Karin
- Dargan Paul I.
- Darshan B. B.
- Darwesh Aso Mohammad
- Daryani Ahmad
- Das Gupta Rajat
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- Davila-Cervantes Claudio Alberto
- Davis Adrian C.
- Davitoiu Dragos Virgil
- Davletov Kairat
- De Leo Diego
- De Neve Jan-Walter
- Dean Frances E.
- DeCleene Nicole K.
- Deen Amanda
- Defo Barthelemy Kuate
- Degenhardt Louisa
- DeLang Marissa
- Dellavalle Robert Paul
- Demeke Feleke Mekonnen
- Demoz Gebre Teklemariam
- Demsie Desalegn Getnet
- Denova-Gutierrez Edgar
- Dereje Nebiyu Dereje
- Deribe Kebede
- Dervenis Nikolaos
- Desai Rupak
- Desalew Assefa
- Dessie Getenet Ayalew
- Deuba Keshab
- Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda
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- Esteghamati Sadaf
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- Etemadi Arash
- Etisso Atkilt Esaiyas
- Ezekannagha Oluchi
- Fanzo Jessica
- Farag Tamer
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- Gesesew Hailay Abrha
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- Grivna Michal
- Grosso Giuseppe
- Gubari Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen
- Gudi Nachiket
- Gugnani Harish Chander
- Guimaraes Andre Luiz Sena
- Guimaraes Rafael Alves
- Guled Rashid Abdi
- Gultie Teklemariam
- Guo Gaorui
- Guo Yuming
- Gupta Rahul
- Gupta Rajeev
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- Haddock Beatrix
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- Hollingsworth Bruce
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- Horita Nobuyuki
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- Hosseinzadeh Mehdi
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- Islam MdMohaimenul
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- Islami Farhad
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- Jafarabadi Mohammad Asghari
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- Jafarinia Morteza
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- Jakovljevic Mihajlo
- Jalali Amir
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- Janjani Hosna
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- Javaheri Tahereh
- Javidnia Javad
- Jayatilleke Achala Upendra
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- Khafaie Morteza Abdullatif
- Khalid Nauman
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- Khazaie Habibolah
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- Kisa Adnan
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- Kissimova-Skarbek Katarzyna
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- Kosen Soewarta
- Kotlo Anirudh
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- Kravchenko Michael A.
- Krishan Kewal
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- Kromhout Hans
- Kugbey Nuworza
- Kulkarni Vaman
- Kumar G. Anil
- Kumar Manasi
- Kumar Nithin
- Kumar Pushpendra
- Kumar Vivek
- Kumaresh Girikumar
- Kurmi Om P.
- Kusuma Dian
- Kyu Hmwe Hmwe
- La Vecchia Carlo
- Lacey Ben
- Lal Dharmesh Kumar
- Lalloo Ratilal
- Lallukka Tea
- Lam Jennifer O.
- Lami Faris Hasan
- Lan Qing
- Landires Ivan
- Lang Justin J.
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- Lansky Sonia
- Larson Heidi Jane
- Larson Samantha Leigh
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- Leonardi Matilde
- Lescinsky Haley
- Leung Janni
- Levi Miriam
- Lewington Sarah
- Li Bingyu
- Li Shanshan
- Lim Lee-Ling
- Lim Stephen S.
- Lin Christine
- Lin Ro-Ting
- Linehan Christine
- Linn Shai
- Listl Stefan
- Liu Hung-Chun
- Liu Shiwei
- Liu Simin
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- Lo Justin
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- Logroscino Giancarlo
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- Lorkowski Stefan
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- Madadin Mohammed
- Maddison Emilie R.
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- Madotto Fabiana
- Mahasha Phetole Walter
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- Mahmoudi Morteza
- Mai Hue Thi
- Majeed Azeem
- Malagon-Rojas Jeadran N.
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- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2020
- Field of study
Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens
Soil bacterial communities of Sahara and Gibson deserts: Physiological and taxonomical characteristics
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- Publication venue
- 'American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2018
- Field of study
Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Author
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbas Kaja M.
- Abbasi Mohammad
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasifard Mitra
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd El Razek Hassan Magdy
- Abd El Razek Muhammed Magdy
- Abd-Allah Foad
- Abdelalim Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahpour Ibrahim
- Abdulkader Rizwan Suliankatchi
- Abdullah Kanaan Hamagharib
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Parisa
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abosetugn Akine Eshete
- Aboyans Victor
- Abrams Elissa M.
- Abreu Lucas Guimaraes
- Abrigo Michael R. M.
- Abu Haimed Abdulaziz Khalid
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Raddad Laith Jamal
- Abualhasan Ahmed
- Abushouk Abdelrahman I.
- Acebedo Alyssa
- Ackerman Ilana N.
- Adabi Maryam
- Adair Tim
- Adamu Abdu A.
- Adebayo Oladimeji M.
- Adedeji Isaac Akinkunmi
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Adelson Jaimie D.
- Adeoye Abiodun Moshood
- Adetokunboh Olatunji O.
- Adham Davoud
- Advani Shailesh M.
- Afarideh Mohsen
- Afshari Mahdi
- Afshin Ashkan
- Agardh Emilie E.
- Agarwal Gina
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Agesa Kareha M.
- Aghaali Mohammad
- Aghamir Seyed Mohammad Kazem
- Agrawal Anurag
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Alireza
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadi Mehdi
- Ahmadieh Hamid
- Ahmadpour Ehsan
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Aji Budi
- Akalu Temesgen Yihunie
- Akinyemi Rufus Olusola
- Akinyemiju Tomi
- Akombi Blessing
- Akunna Chisom Joyqueenet
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M.
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M.
- Alahdab Fares
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Noore
- Alam Samiah
- Alam Tahiya
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M.
- Albertson Samuel B.
- Alcalde-Rabanal Jacqueline Elizabeth
- Alema Niguse Meles
- Alemu Biresaw Wassihun
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alhabib Khalid F.
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Muhammad
- Ali Saqib
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alijanzadeh Mehran
- Alinia Cyrus
- Alipour Vahid
- Alizade Hesam
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Alla Francois
- Allebeck Peter
- Almadi Majid Abdulrahman Hamad
- Almasi Ali
- Almasi-Hashiani Amir
- Almasri Nihad A.
- Almulhim Abdulaziz M.
- Alonso Jordi
- Altirkawi Khalid A.
- Alumran Arwa Khalid
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alvis-Zakzuk Nelson J.
- Amare Azmeraw T.
- Amare Bekalu
- Amini Saeed
- Amini-Rarani Mostafa
- Aminorroaya Arya
- Amiri Fatemeh
- Amit Arianna Maever L.
- Amugsi Dickson A.
- Amul Gianna Gayle Herrera
- Anbesu Etsay Woldu
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson Jason A.
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Andrei Tudorel
- Androudi Sofia
- Angus Colin
- Anjomshoa Mina
- Ansari Fereshteh
- Ansari Iman
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Antonazzo Ippazio Cosimo
- Antonio Carl Abelardo T.
- Antony Catherine M.
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anvari Davood
- Anwer Razique
- Appiah Seth Christopher Yaw
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- Arabloo Jalal
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y.
- Arba Aseb Arba Kinfe
- Aremu Olatunde
- Ariani Filippo
- Aripov Timur
- Armoon Bahram
- Arnlov Johan
- Arowosegbe Oluwaseyi Olalekan
- Aryal Krishna K.
- Arzani Afsaneh
- Asaad Malke
- Asadi-Aliabadi Mehran
- Asadi-Pooya Ali A.
- Asgari Samaneh
- Asghari Babak
- Ashbaugh Charlie
- Assmus Michael
- Atafar Zahra
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atnafu Desta Debalkie
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Atre Sachin R.
- Atteraya Madhu Sudhan
- Ausloos Floriane
- Ausloos Marcel
- Avila-Burgos Leticia
- Avokpaho Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur
- Ayano Getinet
- Ayanore Martin Amogre
- Aynalem Getie Lake
- Aynalem Yared Asmare
- Ayza Muluken Altaye
- Azari Samad
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- Azhar Gulrez
- Azzopardi Peter S.
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- Bahrami Mohammad Amin
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- Bairwa Mohan
- Bakhshaei Mohammad Hossein
- Bakhtiari Ahad
- Bakkannavar Shankar M.
- Balachandran Arun
- Balakrishnan Senthilkumar
- Balalla Shivanthi
- Balassyano Shelly
- Baldasseroni Alberto
- Bali Ahmed Omar
- Ball Kylie
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- Balzi Daniela
- Banach Maciej
- Bandpei Mohammad A. Mohseni
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- Boon-Dooley Alexandra S.
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- Chaturvedi Sarika
- Cherbuin Nicolas
- Chimed-Ochir Odgerel
- Chin Ken Lee
- Chirinos-Caceres Jesus Lorenzo
- Cho Daniel Youngwhan
- Choi Jee-Young Jasmine
- Christensen Hanne
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Chung Michael T.
- Chung Sheng-Chia
- Cicuttini Flavia M.
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- da Silva Diana Dias
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- Dai Hancheng
- Damasceno Albertino Antonio Moura
- Damiani Giovanni
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- Dandona Rakhi
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- Dangel William James
- Danielsson Anna-Karin
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- Darwesh Aso Mohammad
- Daryani Ahmad
- Das Gupta Rajat
- Das Neves Jose
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- Davila-Cervantes Claudio Alberto
- Davis Adrian C.
- Davitoiu Dragos Virgil
- Davletov Kairat
- De Leo Diego
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- Dean Frances E.
- DeCleene Nicole K.
- Deen Amanda
- Defo Barthelemy Kuate
- Degenhardt Louisa
- DeLang Marissa
- Dellavalle Robert Paul
- Demeke Feleke Mekonnen
- Demoz Gebre Teklemariam
- Demsie Desalegn Getnet
- Denova-Gutierrez Edgar
- Dereje Nebiyu Dereje
- Deribe Kebede
- Dervenis Nikolaos
- Desai Rupak
- Desalew Assefa
- Dessie Getenet Ayalew
- Deuba Keshab
- Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda
- Dhungana Govinda Prasad
- Dianatinasab Mostafa
- Diaz Daniel
- Dichgans Martin
- Didarloo Alireza
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- Eskandarieh Sharareh
- Esmaeilnejad Saman
- Esmaeilzadeh Firooz
- Esteghamati Alireza
- Esteghamati Sadaf
- Estep Kara
- Etemadi Arash
- Etisso Atkilt Esaiyas
- Ezekannagha Oluchi
- Fanzo Jessica
- Farag Tamer
- Farahmand Mohammad
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- Gebremedhin Ketema Bizuwork
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- Gebreslassie Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew
- Gela Jiregna Darega
- Geramo Yilma Chisha Dea
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- Gesesew Hailay Abrha
- Gething Peter W.
- Gezae Kebede Embaye
- Ghadimi Maryam
- Ghadiri Keyghobad
- Ghaffarifar Fatemeh
- Ghafourifard Mansour
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- Ghashghaee Ahmad
- Ghiasvand Hesam
- Ghith Nermin
- Gholamian Asadollah
- Ghosh Rakesh
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- Gilani Syed Amir
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- Ginindza Themba G.
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- Gottlich Harrison Chase
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- Goudarzian Amir Hossein
- Goulart Alessandra C.
- Goulart Barbara Niegia Garcia
- Grada Ayman
- Greaves Felix
- Grivna Michal
- Grosso Giuseppe
- Gubari Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen
- Gudi Nachiket
- Gugnani Harish Chander
- Guimaraes Andre Luiz Sena
- Guimaraes Rafael Alves
- Guled Rashid Abdi
- Gultie Teklemariam
- Guo Gaorui
- Guo Yuming
- Gupta Rahul
- Gupta Rajeev
- Gupta Tarun
- Haagsma Juanita A.
- Hachinski Vladimir
- Haddock Beatrix
- Hafezi-Nejad Nima
- Hafiz Abdul
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- Haile Lydia M.
- Haile Teklehaimanot Gereziher
- Haj-Mirzaian Arvin
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- Henny Kiana
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- Hosgood H. Dean
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- Iqbal Usman
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- Jafarabadi Mohammad Asghari
- Jafari Hussain
- Jafarinia Morteza
- Jahagirdar Deepa
- Jahani Mohammad Ali
- Jahanmehr Nader
- Jakovljevic Mihajlo
- Jalali Amir
- Jalilian Farzad
- James Spencer L.
- Janjani Hosna
- Janodia Manthan Dilipkumar
- Javaheri Tahereh
- Javidnia Javad
- Jayatilleke Achala Upendra
- Jeemon Panniyammakal
- Jenabi Ensiyeh
- Jha Ravi Prakash
- Jha Vivekanand
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- Jia Peng
- Johansson Lars
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- Joshi Ankur
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- Kamiab Zahra
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- Karyani Ali Kazemi
- Kasa Ayele Semachew
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- Kumar Pushpendra
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- Kumaresh Girikumar
- Kurmi Om P.
- Kusuma Dian
- Kyu Hmwe Hmwe
- La Vecchia Carlo
- Lacey Ben
- Lal Dharmesh Kumar
- Lalloo Ratilal
- Lallukka Tea
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- Lami Faris Hasan
- Lan Qing
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- Levi Miriam
- Lewington Sarah
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- Lin Christine
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- Linn Shai
- Listl Stefan
- Liu Hung-Chun
- Liu Shiwei
- Liu Simin
- Liu Xuefeng
- Liu Yang
- Liu Zichen
- Lo Justin
- Lodha Rakesh
- Logroscino Giancarlo
- Looker Katharine J.
- Lopez Alan D.
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- Mohammad Yousef
- Mohammadbeigi Abolfazl
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- Nagarajan Ahamarshan Jayaraman
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- Nguyen Cuong Tat
- Nguyen Diep Ngoc
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- Oluwasanu Mojisola Morenike
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- Pakhare Abhijit P.
- Pakshir Keyvan
- Palladino Raffaele
- Pana Adrian
- Panda-Jonas Songhomitra
- Pandey Anamika
- Pangaribuan Helena Ullyartha
- Park Eun-Kee
- Park James
- Parmar Priya G. Kumari
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- Pasovic Maja
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- Patel Jenil R.
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- Paudel Sagun
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- Pease Spencer A.
- Peden Amy E.
- Pennini Alyssa
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- Peprah Emmanuel K.
- Pereira Alexandre
- Pereira David M.
- Pereira Jeevan
- Perico Norberto
- Pescarini Julia Moreira
- Pesudovs Konrad
- Pham Hai Quang
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- Piccinelli Cristiano
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- Pigott David M.
- Pilgrim Thomas
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- Pinheiro Marina
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- Pirsaheb Meghdad
- Pishgar Farhad
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- Polibin Roman V.
- Polinder Suzanne
- Polkinghorne Kevan R.
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- Postma Maarten J.
- Pottoo Faheem Hyder
- Pourjafar Hadi
- Pourmalek Farshad
- Pourshams Akram
- Poznanska Anna
- Prada Sergio I.
- Prakash Sanjay
- Prakash V.
- Prasad Narayan
- Preotescu Liliana
- Pribadi Dimas Ria Angga
- Pupillo Elisabetta
- Quazi Syed Zahiruddin
- Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina Ayala
- Rabiee Mohammad
- Rabiee Navid
- Radfar Amir
- Rafiee Ata
- Rafiei Alireza
- Raggi Alberto
- Rahim Fakher
- Rahimi-Movaghar Afarin
- Rahman Mohammad Hifz Ur
- Rahman Muhammad Aziz
- Rajabpour-Sanati Ali
- Rajati Fatemeh
- Rakovac Ivo
- Ram Pradhum
- Ramezanzadeh Kiana
- Rana Saleem Muhammad
- Ranabhat Chhabi Lal
- Ranta Annemarei
- Rao Puja C.
- Rao Sowmya J.
- Rasella Davide
- Rashedi Vahid
- Rastogi Prateek
- Rath Goura Kishor
- Rathi Priya
- Rawaf David Laith
- Rawaf Salman
- Rawal Lal
- Rawassizadeh Reza
- Rawat Ramu
- Razo Christian
- Regassa Lemma Demissie
- Reiner Jr., Robert C.
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- Reitsma Marissa Bettay
- Remuzzi Giuseppe
- Renjith Vishnu
- Renzaho Andre M. N.
- Resnikoff Serge
- Rezaei Negar
- Rezaei Nima
- Rezai Mohammad Sadegh
- Rezapour Aziz
- Rhinehart Phoebe-Anne
- Riahi Seyed Mohammad
- Ribeiro Antonio Luiz P.
- Ribeiro Daniel Cury
- Ribeiro Daniela
- Rickard Jennifer
- Rincon Julio Cesar Campuzano
- Rivera Juan A.
- Robalik Toshana
- Roberts Nicholas L. S.
- Roberts Shaun
- Robinson Stephen R.
- Rodriguez-Ramirez Sonia
- Roever Leonardo
- Rolfe Sam
- Romoli Michele
- Ronfani Luca
- Room Robin
- Roshandel Gholamreza
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- Roth Gregory A.
- Rothenbacher Dietrich
- Rubagotti Enrico
- Rumisha Susan Fred
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- Saadatagah Seyedmohammad
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- Saddik Basema
- Sadeghi Ehsan
- Sadeghi Masoumeh
- Saeedi Reza
- Saeidi Shahram
- Safari Yahya
- Safi Sare
- Safiri Saeid
- Sagar Rajesh
- Sahebkar Amirhossein
- Sahraian Mohammad Ali
- Sajadi S. Mohammad
- Salahshoor Mohammad Reza
- Salam Nasir
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- Salamati Payman
- Salem Hosni
- Salem Marwa R.
- Salimi Yahya
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- Salomon Joshua A.
- Salz Inbal
- Samad Zainab
- Sambala Evanson Zondani
- Samy Abdallah M.
- Sanabria Juan
- Sanchez-Pimienta Tania G.
- Santomauro Damian Francesco
- Santos Itamar S.
- Santos Joao Vasco
- Santric-Milicevic Milena M.
- Saraswathy Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer
- Sarmiento-Suarez Rodrigo
- Sarrafzadegan Nizal
- Sartorius Benn
- Sarveazad Arash
- Sathian Brijesh
- Sathish Thirunavukkarasu
- Sattin Davide
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- Sawyer Susan M.
- Saxena Deepak
- Saxena Sonia
- Saylan Mete
- Sbarra Alyssa N.
- Schaeffer Lauren E.
- Schiavolin Silvia
- Schlaich Markus P.
- Schmidt Maria Ines
- Schutte Aletta Elisabeth
- Schwebel David C.
- Schwendicke Falk
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- Seedat Soraya
- Sekerija Mario
- Senbeta Anbissa Muleta
- Senthilkumaran Subramanian
- Sepanlou Sadaf G.
- Serdar Berrin
- Serre Marc L.
- Servan-Mori Edson
- Sha Feng
- Shabani Mahsima
- Shackelford Katya Anne
- Shadid Jamileh
- Shafaat Omid
- Shahabi Saeed
- Shahbaz Mohammad
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- Shaikh Masood Ali
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- Shamsizadeh Morteza
- Shannawaz Mohammed
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- Sharafi Zeinab
- Sharan Subodh
- Sharara Fablina
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- Silva Joao Pedro
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- Simpson Kyle E.
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- Singh Jasvinder A.
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- Sinha Dhirendra Narain
- Skiadaresi Eirini
- Skou Soren T.
- Skryabin Valentin Yurievich
- Sliwa Karen
- Smith Amanda
- Smith Emma U. R.
- Sobngwi Eugene
- Soheili Amin
- Sokhan Anton
- Soltani Shahin
- Somefun Oluwaseyi Dolapo
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- Soriano Joan B.
- Sorrie Muluken Bekele
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- Soyiri Ireneous N.
- Spencer Cory N.
- Spotin Adel
- Spurlock Emma Elizabeth
- Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T.
- Srinivasan Vinay
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- Stark Benjamin A.
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- Straif Kurt
- Stranges Saverio
- Stubbs Jacob L.
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- Sudaryanto Agus
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- Suleria Hafiz Ansar Rasul
- Sulo Gerhard
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- Szocska Miklos
- Szumowski Lukasz
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- Tabb Karen M.
- Tabuchi Takahiro
- Tadakamadla Santosh Kumar
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- Tadesse Degena Bahrey
- Taherkhani Amir
- Tahir Zarfishan
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- Takahashi Ken
- Takala Jukka S.
- Tamiru Animut Tagele
- Tang Muming
- Tanser Frank C.
- Tareque Md Ismail
- Tarigan Ingan Ukur
- Taveira Nuno
- Taylor Heather Jean
- Teagle Whitney L.
- Teame Hirut
- Tediosi Fabrizio
- Tefera Yonas Getaye
- Tehrani-Banihashemi Arash
- Teklehaimanot Berhane Fseha
- Tela Freweini Gebrearegay
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Terrason Sonyah
- Tesema Getayeneh Antehunegn
- Tessema Zemenu Tadesse
- Thakur Bhaskar
- Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman
- Thapar Rekha
- Thomas Nihal
- Thomson Azalea M.
- Thrift Amanda G.
- Thurston George D.
- Titova Mariya Vladimirovna
- Tlou Boikhutso
- Tohidinik Hamid Reza
- Tonelli Marcello
- Topor-Madry Roman
- Topouzis Fotis
- Toroudi Hamidreza Pazoki
- Torre Anna E.
- Touvier Mathilde
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Traini Eugenio
- Tran Bach Xuan
- Travillian Ravensara
- Trias-Llimos Sergi
- Troeger Christopher E.
- Truelsen Thomas Clement
- Tsai Alexander C.
- Tsatsakis Aristidis
- Tyrovolas Stefanos
- Uddin Riaz
- Ullah Irfan
- Ullah Saif
- Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David
- Undurraga Eduardo A.
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Upadhyay Era
- Uthman Olalekan A.
- Vacante Marco
- Vaicekonyte Regina
- Vakilian Alireza
- Valdez Pascual R.
- Valli Alessandro
- Van Donkelaar Aaron
- Vardavas Constantine
- Varughese Santosh
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vasconcelos Ana Maria Nogales
- Vasseghian Yasser
- Veisani Yousef
- Velasquez Ilais Moreno
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Vidale Simone
- Violante Francesco S.
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vollset Stein Emil
- Vongpradith Avina
- Vos Theo
- Vu Giang Thu
- Vujcic Isidora S.
- Vukovic Ana
- Vukovic Rade
- Waheed Yasir
- Wallin Mitchell Taylor
- Walters Magdalene K.
- Wamai Richard G.
- Wang Fang
- Wang Haidong
- Wang Hongbo
- Wang Jiayu
- Wang Yafeng
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Ward Joseph L.
- Watson Alexandrea
- Watson Stefanie
- Wei Jingkai
- Wei Melissa Y. Wei
- Weintraub Robert G.
- Weiss Daniel J.
- Weiss Jordan
- Welay Fissaha Tekulu
- Weldesamuel Girmay Teklay
- Werdecker Andrea
- West J. Jason
- Westerman Ronny
- Whisnant Joanna L.
- Whiteford Harvey A.
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wiens Kirsten E.
- Wijeratne Tissa
- Wilner Lauren B.
- Wilson Shadrach
- Wiysonge Charles Shey
- Wojtyniak Bogdan
- Woldu Gebremariam
- Wolfe Charles D. A.
- Wondmeneh Temesgen Gebeyehu
- Wondmieneh Adam Belay
- Wool Eve E.
- Wozniak Sarah S.
- Wu Ai-Min
- Wu Chenkai
- Wu Junjie
- Wunrow Han Yong
- Xie Yang
- Xu Gelin
- Xu Rixing
- Yadgir Simon
- Yamada Tomohide
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yaminfirooz Mousa
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yaya Sanni
- Yazdi-Feyzabadi Vahid
- Yearwood Jamal A.
- Yeheyis Tomas Y.
- Yeshitila Yordanos Gizachew
- Yilgwan Christopher Sabo
- Yilma Mekdes Tigistu
- Yip Paul
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Yoon Seok-Jun
- York Hunter W.
- Younis Mustafa Z.
- Younker Theodore Patrick
- Yousefi Bahman
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yousefifard Mahmoud
- Yousefinezhadi Taraneh
- Yousuf Abdilahi Yousuf
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yuan Chun-Wei
- Yuce Deniz
- Yusefzadeh Hasan
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zahabi Saleh Salehi
- Zaidi Syed Saoud
- Zaki Leila
- Zaki Maysaa El Sayed
- Zakzuk Josefina
- Zamani Mohammad
- Zamanian Maryam
- Zandian Hamed
- Zangeneh Alireza
- Zarafshan Hadi
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zewdie Kaleab Alemayehu
- Zhang Jianrong
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhi-Jiang
- Zhao Jeff T.
- Zhao Xiu-Ju George
- Zhao Yingxi
- Zheleva Bistra
- Zheng Peng
- Zhou Maigeng
- Zhu Cong
- Ziapour Arash
- Zimsen Stephanie R. M.
- Zlavog Bianca S.
- Zodpey Sanjay
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2020
- Field of study
Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abebe Samrawit Shawel
- Abiodun Olumide
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abolmaali Meysam
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Aboye Girma Beressa
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abrigo Michael R M
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abualruz Hasan
- Abubakar Bilyaminu
- Adal Tadele Girum Girum
- Adane Mesafint Molla
- Adeagbo Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo
- Adedoyin Rufus Adesoji
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Aden Bashir
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetokunboh Olatunji O
- Adetunji Juliana Bunmi
- Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afolabi Rotimi Felix
- Afyouni Shadi
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agodi Antonella
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahlstrom Austin J
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Meqdad Saleh
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Akalu Gizachew Taddesse
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Akinyemi Rufus Olusola
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Akkala Sreelatha
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al Qadire Mohammad
- AL-Ahdal Tareq Mohammed Ali
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Eyadhy Ayman
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alalwan Tariq A
- Alam Khurshid
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albakri Almaza
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Alemi Hediyeh
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alhabib Khalid F
- Alhajri Noora
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Abid
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Aligol Mohammad
- Alijanzadeh Mehran
- Aljasir Mohammad A M
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Almidani Omar
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Altaf Awais
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Aluh Deborah Oyine
- Alvi Farrukh Jawad
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Hany
- Aly Safwat
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Amini-Rarani Mostafa
- Amiri Sohrab
- Ampomah Irene Gyamfuah
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Andrade Pedro Prata
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Andrei Tudorel
- Anil Abhishek
- Anil Sneha
- Ansar Adnan
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Antony Catherine M
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anvari Saeid
- ANWAR SALEHA
- Anwer Razique
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Arabloo Jalal
- Arabzadeh Bahri Razman
- Arafa Elshaimaa A
- Arafat Mosab
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Araújo Ana Margarida
- Aremu Abdulfatai
- Aripov Timur
- Arkew Mesay
- Armocida Benedetta
- Arooj Mahwish
- Artamonov Anton A
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Asadi-Lari Mohsen
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- Spartalis Michael
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- Steiropoulos Paschalis
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- Subramaniyan Vetriselvan
- Suleman Muhammad
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- Vishwakarma Mukesh
- Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch
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- Volovat Simona Ruxandra
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- Vujcic Isidora S
- Wafa Hatem A
- Waheed Yasir
- Wakwoya Elias Bekele
- Wang Cong
- Wang Denny
- Wang Fang
- Wang Shu
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- Ward Paul
- Wassie Emebet Gashaw
- Watson Stefanie
- Weaver Marcia R
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Weiss Daniel J
- Wells Katherine M
- Wen Yi Feng
- Westerman Ronny
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Willeit Peter
- Wondimagegene Yohannes Addisu
- Wu Felicia
- Xia Juan
- Xiao Hong
- Xu Gelin
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yaghoobpoor Shirin
- Yaghoobpour Tina
- Yaghoubi Sajad
- Yahaya Zwanden Sule
- Yang Danting
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yaribeygi Habib
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yesodharan Renjulal
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yigezu Amanuel
- Yip Paul
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yuan Chun-Wei
- Zafari Nima
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zamagni Giulia
- Zandi Milad
- Zandieh Ghazal G Z
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Meixin
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Lei
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zyoud Samer H
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 20/03/2024
- Field of study
BackgroundAccurate assessments of current and future fertility—including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions—are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios. MethodsTo estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10–54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates (female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2·5 and 97·5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values—a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy—by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007–21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline. FindingsDuring the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4·84 (95% UI 4·63–5·06) to 2·23 (2·09–2·38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137–147), declining to 129 million (121–138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2·1—canonically considered replacement-level fertility—in 94 (46·1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29·2% [28·7–29·6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1·83 (1·59–2·08) in 2050 and 1·59 (1·25–1·96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24·0%) in 2050 and only six (2·9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41·3% (39·6–43·1) in 2050 and 54·3% (47·1–59·5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions—decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24·8% (23·7–25·8) in 2021 to 16·7% (14·3–19·1) in 2050 and 7·1% (4·4–10·1) in 2100—but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1·65 (1·40–1·92) in 2050 and 1·62 (1·35–1·95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction. InterpretationFertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries
- Author
- Aaron E Osgood-Zimmerman (8383062)
- Abbas Azadmehr (12151653)
- Abbas Mosapour (9154247)
- Abbas Sheikhtaheri (9715088)
- Abdallah M Samy (8383428)
- Abdelrahman I Abushouk (9714446)
- Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani (9714923)
- Abiy H Sinke (12150585)
- Abiyu Mekonnen Gebrehiwot (9715364)
- Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi (9715730)
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- Adrian Pana (5814992)
- Afsaneh Arzani (9153932)
- Agus Sudaryanto (1979845)
- Ahad Bakhtiari (6192659)
- Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan (9154253)
- Ahmad Ghashghaee (9154076)
- Ahmed Abdelalim (8673294)
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- Soheil Hassanipour (9540686)
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- Soraya Siabani (8383737)
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- Subramanian Senthilkumaran (9154355)
- Suraj Bhattarai (8383140)
- Susanna J Dunachie (9154013)
- Syed Amir Gilani (6943472)
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- Tanuj Kanchan (451145)
- Tanvir M Huda (7329743)
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- Tufa Kolola (3221214)
- Turki M Alanzi (9153902)
- Ulrich Otto Mueller (8383347)
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- Vahid Alipour (8383095)
- Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi (6718919)
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- Venkatesh Maled (9715478)
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- Vinay Nangia (346734)
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- Vivekanand Jha (430559)
- Walter Mendoza (8383311)
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- Xiaofeng Liang (652367)
- Xiu-Ju George Zhao (9715217)
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- Yared Asmare Aynalem (8716926)
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- Yibeltal Tebekaw Bayou (12151659)
- Yigizie Yeshaw (7253771)
- Yonatal Mesfin Tefera (12151710)
- Yousef Mohammad (9154235)
- Yousef Saleh Khader (8383254)
- Yousef Veisani (8383485)
- Yuan-Pang Wang (184231)
- Yuming Guo (162863)
- Yun Jin Kim (2133199)
- Yunquan Zhang (4815927)
- Zabihollah Yousefi (9715199)
- Zahid A Butt (8383149)
- Zahiruddin Quazi Syed (9715019)
- Zahra Atafar (9714503)
- Zahra Baradaran-Seyed (12151656)
- Zemenu Tadesse Tessema (8383464)
- Zhi-Jiang Zhang (539386)
- Zubair Kabir (394455)
- Zul Kamal (6426083)
- Zulfiqar A Bhutta (8051936)
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 21/01/2021
- Field of study
The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children
Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin (18346572)
- Abanoub Riad (12229703)
- Abbas Mosapour (9154247)
- Abdalla Z Mohamed (18346983)
- Abdallah M Samy (8383428)
- Abdallah Y Naser (18347016)
- Abdoljalal Marjani (18346929)
- Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani (9714923)
- Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha (12229466)
- Abdulaziz T Bako (18346515)
- Abdulfatai Aremu (9536881)
- Abdulkareem Kabir (18346809)
- Abdullah A Mamun (8383290)
- Abdullah Hamid Feroze (11553706)
- Abera M Mersha (12150669)
- Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane (9715925)
- Abhinav Singh (358909)
- Abhishek Anil (17937800)
- Abhishek Shankar (18207631)
- Abid Ali (3123210)
- Abida Sultana (8147670)
- Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi (12229520)
- Abiola Victor Adepoju (18267238)
- Abolfazl Avan (631885)
- Abu Sayeed (195793)
- Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi (18267274)
- Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe (4344979)
- Adnan Ansar (4486147)
- Adnan Kisa (6419198)
- Adquate Mhlanga (18346968)
- Adrian Otoiu (9714965)
- Adrian Pana (5814992)
- Adriana Dima (18346644)
- Afeez Abolarinwa Salami (18059419)
- Afisu Basiru (18346530)
- Afrin Iqbal (3692359)
- Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh (17293201)
- Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan (9154253)
- Ahmad Azam Malik (6166283)
- Ahmed I Hasaballah (9154109)
- Ahmed Ismail Mohamed (18346986)
- Ahmed Shaikh (14777452)
- Ahmed Y Azzam (12229460)
- Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi (11438932)
- Aida Rezaei Nejad (10332353)
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- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 16/05/2024
- Field of study
BackgroundAccurate assessments of current and future fertility—including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions—are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios.MethodsTo estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10–54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates (female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2·5 and 97·5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values—a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy—by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007–21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline.FindingsDuring the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4·84 (95% UI 4·63–5·06) to 2·23 (2·09–2·38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137–147), declining to 129 million (121–138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2·1—canonically considered replacement-level fertility—in 94 (46·1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29·2% [28·7–29·6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1·83 (1·59–2·08) in 2050 and 1·59 (1·25–1·96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24·0%) in 2050 and only six (2·9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41·3% (39·6–43·1) in 2050 and 54·3% (47·1–59·5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions—decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24·8% (23·7–25·8) in 2021 to 16·7% (14·3–19·1) in 2050 and 7·1% (4·4–10·1) in 2100—but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1·65 (1·40–1·92) in 2050 and 1·62 (1·35–1·95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction.InterpretationFertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world.</p