13 research outputs found
Estimation of skin permeation by liquid chromatography
Dermal absorption is a key process in the drug delivery studies of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as well as in the fields of dermal toxicology, risk assessment, and the exposure of environmental pollutants. This process is typically described by the skin-water permeability coefficient. However, in vivo determination is laborious and expensive. Thus, in the last few years, the development of prediction models from structure descriptors or subrogation through physico-chemical measurements has gained interest. In the present work, a previous subrogation model based on the chromatographic retention on a common C18 column has been tested for a wide set of drugs with very different chemical nature and having a wide range of permeability values. A total of 65 compounds have been used to establish the correlation between skin permeation and the HPLC retention, corrected by the McGowan volume of the drug. Afterwards it was successfully validated in terms of robustness and prediction ability. Finally, the permeability coefficient was estimated for a set of 29 new drugs, and results compared to the ones obtained by other estimation methods, as well as the available in vitro measured values, with very good agreement
Estimation of skin permeation by liquid chromatography
Dermal absorption is a key process in the drug delivery studies of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as well as in the fields of dermal toxicology, risk assessment, and the exposure of environmental pollutants. This process is typically described by the skin-water permeability coefficient. However, in vivo determination is laborious and expensive. Thus, in the last few years, the development of prediction models from structure descriptors or subrogation through physico-chemical measurements has gained interest. In the present work, a previous subrogation model based on the chromatographic retention on a common C18 column has been tested for a wide set of drugs with very different chemical nature and having a wide range of permeability values. A total of 65 compounds have been used to establish the correlation between skin permeation and the HPLC retention, corrected by the McGowan volume of the drug. Afterwards it was successfully validated in terms of robustness and prediction ability. Finally, the permeability coefficient was estimated for a set of 29 new drugs, and results compared to the ones obtained by other estimation methods, as well as the available in vitro measured values, with very good agreement
Evaluation of the Ability of PAMPA Membranes to Emulate Biological Processes through the Abraham Solvation Parameter Model
Two parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) systems intended for emulating skin permeability have been characterized through the solvation parameter model of Abraham using multilinear regression analysis. The coefficients of the obtained equations have been compared to the ones already established for other PAMPA membranes using statistical tools. The results indicate that both skin membranes are similar to each other in their physicochemical properties. However, they are different from other PAMPA membranes (e.g., intestinal absorption and blood– brain PAMPAs), mainly in terms of hydrophobicity and hydrogen bonding properties. Next, all PAMPA membranes have been compared to relevant biological processes also characterized through the solvation parameter model. The results highlight that skin-PAMPA membranes are a very good choice to emulate skin permeability
Suitability of skin-PAMPA and chromatographic systems to emulate skin permeation. Influence of pH on skin-PAMPA permeability
The skin permeation, Kp, of a chemical compound is a relevant parameter in fields such as toxicology, exposure to pollutants, or dermal studies of pharmaceutical and cosmetic interest. Nonetheless, its experimental determination is not a trivial task, and for this reason alternative methods to estimate Kp have been developed. This work evaluates the suitability of different methodologies to estimate skin permeation of neutral compounds. Three different approaches have been examined: estimation through the skin-PAMPA (Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay) permeability, Pe, estimation through the chromatographic retention factor combined with molecular volume, and finally estimation through a quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) based on the octanol–water partition coefficient, log Po/w, and molecular volume as descriptors. The three approaches have been tested with the same set of compounds and it has been observed that all of them can be used to estimate Kp with similar results, although the chromatographic method presents slightly improved statistics in addition to the facility of measurement. As many drugs are partially ionised at the pH of skin, the influence of pH in skin-PAMPA permeability has been also studied. To this end, the log Pe vs. pH profiles of a set of 25 compounds of different nature have been determined. As expected, the permeation of neutral forms is higher than the one of ionic forms, and permeation of neutral and ionic species are not governed by the same mechanisms
Influence of the acid-base ionization of drugs in their retention in reversed-phase liquid chromatography
The effect of the ionization in the RP-HPLC retention of 66 acid-base compounds, most of them drugs of pharmaceutical interest, is studied. The retention time of the compounds can be related to the pH measured in the mobile phase (pwsH) through the sigmoidal equations derived from distribution of the neutral and ionic forms of the drug into the stationary and mobile phases. Fitting of the obtained retention vs. pH profiles provides the retention times of the ionic and neutral forms and the pKa values of the drugs in the mobile phase (pwsKa). The obtained pwsKa values are linearly correlated to the pKa values in water (pwwKa) with two different correlations, one for neutral acids and another for neutral bases that reflect the different influence of the dielectric constant of the medium in ionization of acids and bases. The retention of the neutral species is well correlated to the octanol-water partition coefficient of the drugs as measure of the lipophilicity of the drug, which affects chromatographic retention. Also, the retention time of the ionized forms is related to the retention time of the neutral forms by two different linear correlations, one for anions and the other for cations. These last correlations point out the different retention behaviour of anions and cations: anions are less retained than cations of the same lipophilicity, as measured by the octanol-water partition coefficient of the neutral form. The different retention behaviour of anionic, cationic and neutral forms is confirmed by the hold-up times obtained from different approaches: pycnometry and retention times of anionic (KBr and KI) and neutral (DMSO) markers. Hold-up times obtained by pycnometric measurements agree with those obtained by retention of neutral markers (0.83-0.85 min), whereas hold-up time for anions is mobile phase pH dependent. At acidic pH it is similar to the hold-up time for neutral markers (0.83 min), but then it decreases with the increase of mobile phase pH to 0.65 min at pH 11. The decrease can be explained by the ionization of the silanols of the column and exclusion of anions by charge repulsion. Although not directly measured, the obtained retention data and correlations indicate hold-up time for cations are similar or slightly lower than hold-up time for neutral compounds (0.77-0.83 min). The model proposed and the correlations obtained can be very useful for its implementation in retention prediction algorithms for optimization of separation purpose
Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study
Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research
PredicciĂł de la permeaciĂł a travĂ©s de la pell a partir de mesures fĂsico-quĂmiques
L’absorciĂł cutĂ nia descriu el transport d’una certa substĂ ncia a travĂ©s de la pell humana i Ă©s un procĂ©s clau en els estudis d’alliberament de fĂ rmacs administrats per via tòpica, en la indĂşstria cosmètica i a l’hora d’avaluar el risc potencial d’absorciĂł de compostos tòxics per contacte cutani. L’absorciĂł cutĂ nia es troba representada pel coeficient de permeabilitat a travĂ©s de la pell (Kp). Els mètodes òptims per avaluar l’absorciĂł d’un compost a travĂ©s de la pell sĂłn els estudis in vivo i in vitro. El mètode in vitro mĂ©s emprat Ă©s el basat en les cel·les de difusiĂł de Franz, tot i això aquest mètode tĂ© una alta variabilitat intra- i inter-laboratori degut a la complexitat de les mostres biològiques. Uns altres mètodes in vitro sorgits mĂ©s recentment sĂłn els basats en models de pell artificial com l’anomenat skin PAMPA. Una alternativa encara mĂ©s rĂ pida i mĂ©s econòmica que els mètodes in vitro sĂłn els models de predicciĂł basats en mesures fĂsico-quĂmiques, com la retenciĂł cromatogrĂ fica. En el present treball s’ha desenvolupat una metodologia per a la predicciĂł de la permeabilitat cutĂ nia de soluts i espècies neutres basada en mesures cromatogrĂ fiques en un sistema HPLC amb una columna C18, combinat amb detecciĂł UV-Vis i MS, i una altra basada en mesures de permeabilitat skin PAMPA a partir d’unes condicions d’assaig de 4 hores d’incubaciĂł i utilitzant l’agitaciĂł per reduir la capa aquosa que es forma al voltant de la membrana artificial. AmbdĂłs models es validen correctament en termes de robustesa i capacitat predictiva. Per estendre aquests models a espècies ionitzades ha estat necessari estudiar la influència de la ionitzaciĂł de diferents compostos Ă cid-base en la permeabilitat de la pell humana, la retenciĂł cromatogrĂ fica i la permeabilitat skin PAMPA. Per aquest propòsit, els perfils de cada propietat en funciĂł del pH de diferents compostos Ă cid-base s’han ajustat a una equaciĂł general que relaciona la propietat d’interès amb el pH. Aquest ajust proporciona els valors de cada propietat per a la forma neutra i iònica del solut, aixĂ com el pKa del solut en el medi de dissoluciĂł. En tots els casos els valors dels anions i cations sĂłn molt mĂ©s petits que els de les formes neutres i els valors de pKa procedents dels ajusts es poden relacionar linealment amb els valors aquosos de pKa dels fĂ rmacs. Amb relaciĂł a la permeabilitat skin PAMPA, s’han trobat alguns valors anòmals a pH superior a 8 a causa de la pèrdua d’integritat de la membrana a pH bĂ sic. A partir dels resultats dels ajusts, la permeabilitat de la pell s’ha relacionat amb la retenciĂł cromatogrĂ fica, corregida pel volum de McGowan del solut, i tambĂ© amb la permeabilitat skin PAMPA d’espècies parcialment i totalment ionitzades. Aquestes correlacions s’han establert i validat amb bons resultats. Finalment, els mètodes establerts per a la predicciĂł de la permeabilitat a travĂ©s de la pell s’han aplicat per a la determinaciĂł dels coeficients de permeabilitat de diferents compostos a pH 5.5. i 7.4 (pH de la superfĂcie de la pell i pH de la sang, respectivament) dins de les lĂnies d’investigaciĂł d’Esteve Pharmaceuticals, centrades en el camp del tractament del dolor on Ă©s particularment interessant estudiar l’administraciĂł per la via tòpica. Els valors predits de Kp a partir del model cromatogrĂ fic i el model skin PAMPA sĂłn força coherents amb els obtinguts experimentalment mitjançant les cel·les de difusiĂł de Franz. Compostos amb coeficients de permeabilitat de la pell favorables i parĂ metres farmacocinètics apropiats es poden seleccionar com a potencials candidats per a l’administraciĂł tòpica.Dermal absorption is a key process in drug delivery studies of pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This process is typically described by skin permeability coefficient (Kp) and can be determined using experimental techniques, both in vivo and in vitro. Among the in vitro models, the Franz cell diffusion method is the most popular. However, these methods are laborious, costly and ethically questionable. An alternative can be an artificial skin membrane, skin PAMPA, or subrogation through physico-chemical parameters, as chromatographic retention. In the present work a methodology based on measurements in an HPLC system with a C18 column, and another based on skin-PAMPA permeability measurements with optimal assay conditions of 4 hours of incubation time and with the use of stirring to decrease the thickness of the aqueous boundary layer, have been established for a wide set of drugs to predict Kp values of neutral species. Both models have been successfully validated in terms of robustness and prediction ability. To extent these methods to ionized species is necessary to study the influence of acid-base ionization in chromatographic retention, skin PAMPA permeability and skin permeability. Therefore, property vs. pH profiles of drugs of different acid-base nature have been obtained through a general equation which relates the measured property with the pH. Fitting of these equations provides the corresponding values of the neutral and ionic form and the pKa values of the drugs in the media solution. In all cases the values of the anions and cations are much lower than that of the neutral forms and the pKa values obtained from the fitting can be linearly related to the aqueous pKa values of the drugs. Anomalous values due to the loss of membrane integrity at basic pH have been found in the skin PAMPA permeability at pH higher than 8. From these results, the relationship between skin permeability and chromatographic retention, corrected by the volume, and skin PAMPA permeability of ionized species has been established and validated correctly. Finally, Kp values of drugs, belonging to different Esteve’s research programs, have been obtained from previous models at pH 5.5 and 7.4 with good predictions. Compounds with favorable permeability coefficient and appropriate pharmacokinetic parameters can be selected as potential candidates to topical administration
PredicciĂł de la permeaciĂł a travĂ©s de la pell a partir de mesures fĂsico-quĂmiques
L’absorciĂł cutĂ nia descriu el transport d’una certa substĂ ncia a travĂ©s de la pell humana i Ă©s un procĂ©s clau en els estudis d’alliberament de fĂ rmacs administrats per via tòpica, en la indĂşstria cosmètica i a l’hora d’avaluar el risc potencial d’absorciĂł de compostos tòxics per contacte cutani. L’absorciĂł cutĂ nia es troba representada pel coeficient de permeabilitat a travĂ©s de la pell (Kp). Els mètodes òptims per avaluar l’absorciĂł d’un compost a travĂ©s de la pell sĂłn els estudis in vivo i in vitro. El mètode in vitro mĂ©s emprat Ă©s el basat en les cel·les de difusiĂł de Franz, tot i això aquest mètode tĂ© una alta variabilitat intra- i inter-laboratori degut a la complexitat de les mostres biològiques. Uns altres mètodes in vitro sorgits mĂ©s recentment sĂłn els basats en models de pell artificial com l’anomenat skin PAMPA. Una alternativa encara mĂ©s rĂ pida i mĂ©s econòmica que els mètodes in vitro sĂłn els models de predicciĂł basats en mesures fĂsico-quĂmiques, com la retenciĂł cromatogrĂ fica. En el present treball s’ha desenvolupat una metodologia per a la predicciĂł de la permeabilitat cutĂ nia de soluts i espècies neutres basada en mesures cromatogrĂ fiques en un sistema HPLC amb una columna C18, combinat amb detecciĂł UV-Vis i MS, i una altra basada en mesures de permeabilitat skin PAMPA a partir d’unes condicions d’assaig de 4 hores d’incubaciĂł i utilitzant l’agitaciĂł per reduir la capa aquosa que es forma al voltant de la membrana artificial. AmbdĂłs models es validen correctament en termes de robustesa i capacitat predictiva. Per estendre aquests models a espècies ionitzades ha estat necessari estudiar la influència de la ionitzaciĂł de diferents compostos Ă cid-base en la permeabilitat de la pell humana, la retenciĂł cromatogrĂ fica i la permeabilitat skin PAMPA. Per aquest propòsit, els perfils de cada propietat en funciĂł del pH de diferents compostos Ă cid-base s’han ajustat a una equaciĂł general que relaciona la propietat d’interès amb el pH. Aquest ajust proporciona els valors de cada propietat per a la forma neutra i iònica del solut, aixĂ com el pKa del solut en el medi de dissoluciĂł. En tots els casos els valors dels anions i cations sĂłn molt mĂ©s petits que els de les formes neutres i els valors de pKa procedents dels ajusts es poden relacionar linealment amb els valors aquosos de pKa dels fĂ rmacs. Amb relaciĂł a la permeabilitat skin PAMPA, s’han trobat alguns valors anòmals a pH superior a 8 a causa de la pèrdua d’integritat de la membrana a pH bĂ sic. A partir dels resultats dels ajusts, la permeabilitat de la pell s’ha relacionat amb la retenciĂł cromatogrĂ fica, corregida pel volum de McGowan del solut, i tambĂ© amb la permeabilitat skin PAMPA d’espècies parcialment i totalment ionitzades. Aquestes correlacions s’han establert i validat amb bons resultats. Finalment, els mètodes establerts per a la predicciĂł de la permeabilitat a travĂ©s de la pell s’han aplicat per a la determinaciĂł dels coeficients de permeabilitat de diferents compostos a pH 5.5. i 7.4 (pH de la superfĂcie de la pell i pH de la sang, respectivament) dins de les lĂnies d’investigaciĂł d’Esteve Pharmaceuticals, centrades en el camp del tractament del dolor on Ă©s particularment interessant estudiar l’administraciĂł per la via tòpica. Els valors predits de Kp a partir del model cromatogrĂ fic i el model skin PAMPA sĂłn força coherents amb els obtinguts experimentalment mitjançant les cel·les de difusiĂł de Franz. Compostos amb coeficients de permeabilitat de la pell favorables i parĂ metres farmacocinètics apropiats es poden seleccionar com a potencials candidats per a l’administraciĂł tòpica.Dermal absorption is a key process in drug delivery studies of pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This process is typically described by skin permeability coefficient (Kp) and can be determined using experimental techniques, both in vivo and in vitro. Among the in vitro models, the Franz cell diffusion method is the most popular. However, these methods are laborious, costly and ethically questionable. An alternative can be an artificial skin membrane, skin PAMPA, or subrogation through physico-chemical parameters, as chromatographic retention. In the present work a methodology based on measurements in an HPLC system with a C18 column, and another based on skin-PAMPA permeability measurements with optimal assay conditions of 4 hours of incubation time and with the use of stirring to decrease the thickness of the aqueous boundary layer, have been established for a wide set of drugs to predict Kp values of neutral species. Both models have been successfully validated in terms of robustness and prediction ability. To extent these methods to ionized species is necessary to study the influence of acid-base ionization in chromatographic retention, skin PAMPA permeability and skin permeability. Therefore, property vs. pH profiles of drugs of different acid-base nature have been obtained through a general equation which relates the measured property with the pH. Fitting of these equations provides the corresponding values of the neutral and ionic form and the pKa values of the drugs in the media solution. In all cases the values of the anions and cations are much lower than that of the neutral forms and the pKa values obtained from the fitting can be linearly related to the aqueous pKa values of the drugs. Anomalous values due to the loss of membrane integrity at basic pH have been found in the skin PAMPA permeability at pH higher than 8. From these results, the relationship between skin permeability and chromatographic retention, corrected by the volume, and skin PAMPA permeability of ionized species has been established and validated correctly. Finally, Kp values of drugs, belonging to different Esteve’s research programs, have been obtained from previous models at pH 5.5 and 7.4 with good predictions. Compounds with favorable permeability coefficient and appropriate pharmacokinetic parameters can be selected as potential candidates to topical administration
PredicciĂł de la permeaciĂł a travĂ©s de la pell a partir de mesures fĂsico-quĂmiques
[cat] L’absorciĂł cutĂ nia descriu el transport d’una certa substĂ ncia a travĂ©s de la pell humana i Ă©s un procĂ©s clau en els estudis d’alliberament de fĂ rmacs administrats per via tòpica, en la indĂşstria cosmètica i a l’hora d’avaluar el risc potencial d’absorciĂł de compostos tòxics per contacte cutani. L’absorciĂł cutĂ nia es troba representada pel coeficient de permeabilitat a travĂ©s de la pell (Kp). Els mètodes òptims per avaluar l’absorciĂł d’un compost a travĂ©s de la pell sĂłn els estudis in vivo i in vitro. El mètode in vitro mĂ©s emprat Ă©s el basat en les cel·les de difusiĂł de Franz, tot i això aquest mètode tĂ© una alta variabilitat intra- i inter-laboratori degut a la complexitat de les mostres biològiques. Uns altres mètodes in vitro sorgits mĂ©s recentment sĂłn els basats en models de pell artificial com l’anomenat skin PAMPA. Una alternativa encara mĂ©s rĂ pida i mĂ©s econòmica que els mètodes in vitro sĂłn els models de predicciĂł basats en mesures fĂsico-quĂmiques, com la retenciĂł cromatogrĂ fica. En el present treball s’ha desenvolupat una metodologia per a la predicciĂł de la permeabilitat cutĂ nia de soluts i espècies neutres basada en mesures cromatogrĂ fiques en un sistema HPLC amb una columna C18, combinat amb detecciĂł UV-Vis i MS, i una altra basada en mesures de permeabilitat skin PAMPA a partir d’unes condicions d’assaig de 4 hores d’incubaciĂł i utilitzant l’agitaciĂł per reduir la capa aquosa que es forma al voltant de la membrana artificial. AmbdĂłs models es validen correctament en termes de robustesa i capacitat predictiva. Per estendre aquests models a espècies ionitzades ha estat necessari estudiar la influència de la ionitzaciĂł de diferents compostos Ă cid-base en la permeabilitat de la pell humana, la retenciĂł cromatogrĂ fica i la permeabilitat skin PAMPA. Per aquest propòsit, els perfils de cada propietat en funciĂł del pH de diferents compostos Ă cid-base s’han ajustat a una equaciĂł general que relaciona la propietat d’interès amb el pH. Aquest ajust proporciona els valors de cada propietat per a la forma neutra i iònica del solut, aixĂ com el pKa del solut en el medi de dissoluciĂł. En tots els casos els valors dels anions i cations sĂłn molt mĂ©s petits que els de les formes neutres i els valors de pKa procedents dels ajusts es poden relacionar linealment amb els valors aquosos de pKa dels fĂ rmacs. Amb relaciĂł a la permeabilitat skin PAMPA, s’han trobat alguns valors anòmals a pH superior a 8 a causa de la pèrdua d’integritat de la membrana a pH bĂ sic. A partir dels resultats dels ajusts, la permeabilitat de la pell s’ha relacionat amb la retenciĂł cromatogrĂ fica, corregida pel volum de McGowan del solut, i tambĂ© amb la permeabilitat skin PAMPA d’espècies parcialment i totalment ionitzades. Aquestes correlacions s’han establert i validat amb bons resultats. Finalment, els mètodes establerts per a la predicciĂł de la permeabilitat a travĂ©s de la pell s’han aplicat per a la determinaciĂł dels coeficients de permeabilitat de diferents compostos a pH 5.5. i 7.4 (pH de la superfĂcie de la pell i pH de la sang, respectivament) dins de les lĂnies d’investigaciĂł d’Esteve Pharmaceuticals, centrades en el camp del tractament del dolor on Ă©s particularment interessant estudiar l’administraciĂł per la via tòpica. Els valors predits de Kp a partir del model cromatogrĂ fic i el model skin PAMPA sĂłn força coherents amb els obtinguts experimentalment mitjançant les cel·les de difusiĂł de Franz. Compostos amb coeficients de permeabilitat de la pell favorables i parĂ metres farmacocinètics apropiats es poden seleccionar com a potencials candidats per a l’administraciĂł tòpica.[eng] Dermal absorption is a key process in drug delivery studies of pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This process is typically described by skin permeability coefficient (Kp) and can be determined using experimental techniques, both in vivo and in vitro. Among the in vitro models, the Franz cell diffusion method is the most popular. However, these methods are laborious, costly and ethically questionable. An alternative can be an artificial skin membrane, skin PAMPA, or subrogation through physico-chemical parameters, as chromatographic retention. In the present work a methodology based on measurements in an HPLC system with a C18 column, and another based on skin-PAMPA permeability measurements with optimal assay conditions of 4 hours of incubation time and with the use of stirring to decrease the thickness of the aqueous boundary layer, have been established for a wide set of drugs to predict Kp values of neutral species. Both models have been successfully validated in terms of robustness and prediction ability. To extent these methods to ionized species is necessary to study the influence of acid-base ionization in chromatographic retention, skin PAMPA permeability and skin permeability. Therefore, property vs. pH profiles of drugs of different acid-base nature have been obtained through a general equation which relates the measured property with the pH. Fitting of these equations provides the corresponding values of the neutral and ionic form and the pKa values of the drugs in the media solution. In all cases the values of the anions and cations are much lower than that of the neutral forms and the pKa values obtained from the fitting can be linearly related to the aqueous pKa values of the drugs. Anomalous values due to the loss of membrane integrity at basic pH have been found in the skin PAMPA permeability at pH higher than 8. From these results, the relationship between skin permeability and chromatographic retention, corrected by the volume, and skin PAMPA permeability of ionized species has been established and validated correctly. Finally, Kp values of drugs, belonging to different Esteve’s research programs, have been obtained from previous models at pH 5.5 and 7.4 with good predictions. Compounds with favorable permeability coefficient and appropriate pharmacokinetic parameters can be selected as potential candidates to topical administration
Linear free energy relationship models for the retention of partially ionized acid-base compounds in reversed-phase liquid chromatography
The LFER model of Abraham is applied to the retention of the neutral and ionic forms of 94 solutes in a C18 column and 40% v/v acetonitrile/water mobile phase. The results show that polarizability and cav- ity formation interactions increase retention, whereas dipole and hydrogen bonding interactions favours partition to the mobile phase and thus, they decrease retention. The coefficients of the ionic descriptors measure the effect of the electrostatic interactions and their contribution to partition of the cation or anion between the two mobile and stationary chromatographic phases. A new LFER model for application to the retention of partially dissociated acids and bases is derived aver- aging the descriptors of the neutral and ionic forms according to their degrees of ionization in the mobile phase. This new LFER model is satisfactorily compared to other literature modified Abraham models for a set of 498 retention data of partially dissociated acids and bases. All tested models require the calculation of the ionization degrees of the compounds at the measuring pH. Calculation of the ionization degrees in the chromatographic mobile phase (i.e. from pH and p K a in the eluent) give good correlations for all tested models. However, estimation of these ionization degrees from pH -p K a data in pure water gives biased estimations of the retention of the partially ionized solutes