The main geological factors influencing on formation of indices of coal quality (on the example of the coal deposit "Neryungrinskoye")

Genetic and epigenetic factors influencing on formation of a coal bed (its characteristics expressing by means of morphology, petrographic composition, degree of reducing, metamorphism, oxidation, and dislocation, physical properties and indices of coal quality) are considered. The main task of this research consisted in establishing of the significant factors influencing of the coal bed quality indices to a greater extent. Solution of the set task from positions of a system approach at study of rock massifs consisting in revealing and studying of many interconnected elements and estimation of their influence by means of alternate normalization of the main bounds is shown. The study was carry out in conditions of the bed «Moshny» of the coal deposit «Neryngrinskoye» of the Southern-Yakutia basin. The experimental data were treated with use of the correlation-regression methods. Results of researches allow to use geological information and geophysical methods for operative planning of geologic prospecting process and mining works in more total way

Sulfidization of silver-polymetallic ores of «Goltsovoe» deposit for decreasing loss of silver in mill tailings

The results of laboratory studies of flotation concentration of silver-polymetallic ores of the Goltsovoe deposit at the Omsukchansk concentrator are presented. The results of sieve analysis of mill tailings of the experimental sample of MTP N 101 (N 7577-i) are described. They indicate that a large amount of silver (123 g/t) is lost in the size class – 0.040 mm (yield 50.25 %). According to the results of mineralogical analysis, it is established that the major losses of noble metal are associated with its fine impregnation in oxides, sulfides and silicate rocks. The main silver-bearing minerals are acanthite, polybasite and kustelite (class – 0.040 mm). Experimental studies were carried out in two stages. The purpose of the first stage is to determine the influence of grinding fineness in flotation feed (for a finished class content of 0.074 mm in the range of 60-95 %) for silver recovery at different amounts of butyl potassium xanthate (50, 150, 300 g/t). The purpose of the second stage is to evaluate the effectiveness of sulfidization at different consumption of sodium sulfide Na2S·9H2O (50, 150, 200, 450, 750 g/t – 1 % aqueous solution) under the conditions of the optimal reagent mode established in the first stage of the study. The results of experiments to determine the optimum grinding fineness and studies on the enrichment of silver-polymetallic ore with the use of sodium sulfide as a sulfidizer are presented. The efficiency of the sulfidization process is estimated. The following experimental dependencies of silver recovery are established: on the degree of grinding and consumption of butyl potassium xanthate; on variations of grinding fineness and the consumption of sodium sulphide (with a consumption of butyl xanthate 150 g/t); and on grinding fineness at optimum consumption of sodium sulfide 150 g/t and butyl potassium xanthate 300 g/t. A comparative evaluation of dependence of silver recovery index from the degree of grinding fineness before and after introduction of sodium sulphide (collecting agent consumption of 150 g/t) is given. The mathematical models describing the dependence of silverrecovery on technological parameters, allowing to control the process of flotation of refractory ore with a large number of primary sludges and the tendency of sludging during grinding and concentration (secondary sludges) are given. The optimal consumption of flotation reagents has been experimentally established: sodium sulfide 150 g/t, butyl potassium xanthate 300 g/t with rational grinding (the content of the finished class is 0.074 mm in the flotation feed 85-95 %). Absolute recovery of silver from the ore of the silver-polymetallic deposit «Goltsovoe» in comparison with the technological indicators of the Omsukchansk concentrator processing the material in accordance with the standard mode, increased by 14.1 % (from 70.7 to 84.8 %) with the yield 9.09 % due to intensification of recovery of silver-bearing semi-oxidized sulphides with reduced flotation activity and compensation of high absorptive capacity of fine particles. The amount of silver in the size class – 0.040 mm in the sample MTB N 101 (N 7698-i) after the use of sulfidization was 83 g/t at the yield of 72.01 %, which indicates the efficiency of the process. The losses of silver in mill tailings decreased by 40 g/t (32.52 %). This proves the possibility of processing silver-polymetallic ores of the Goltsovoye deposit without reclaimer operation

Ni(II)- and Cu(II)-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds with 4,4',6-trimethyl-2,8-dithio-3,7-diazanonen-6-dithioamide-1,9 Obtained in Gelatin-Immobilized Matrices in the Template Synthesis Process

Soft template synthesis of metalheterocyclic compounds with 4,4',6-trimethyl-2,8-dithio-3,7-diazanonen-6-dithioamide-1,9 in the triple systems M(II)- dithiooxamide- acetone (M= Ni, Cu) in the nickel(II)- and copper(II)hexacyanoferrate(II) gelatin- immobilized matrices has been carried out

Новий метод синтезу атомоксетину та його взаємодія з азоловмісними сульфохло- ридами

A new approach to the synthesis of atomoxetine using the methods of enzymatic catalysis has been developed;the interaction of atomoxetine with a number of azole-containing heterocyclic sulfochlorides has been studied. Thecarbonyl group of 3-chloro-1-phenyl-propane-1-one was region-specifically reduced with NADPH-dependentcarbonylreductase (SSCR) in phosphate buffer solution. In Mitsunoby reaction with o-methylphenole the inversionof the final product configuration takes place and [R]-1-(3-chloro-1-phenypropoxy)-2-methylbenzene is formed.Its further treatment with methylamine results in the base of atomoxetine, which may be isolated from the solutionas a chloride. In order to develop the novel biologically active compounds the series of sufonyl chlorides withoxazole and isoxazole substituents were reacted with atomoxetine. The sulfonamides obtained fully comply withall criteria for the molecules – candidates for the biomedical study.Разработан метод синтеза атомоксетина с использованием стереоспецифичного ферментативного катализа. Карбонильная группа в структуре 3-хлор-1-фенил-пропан-1-она региоспецифично восстановлена с образованием NADPH-зависимой карбонилредуктазы (SSCR) в фосфатном буфере. В условиях реакции Мицунобу с о-крезолом происходит обращение конфигурации конечного продукта с образованием в ходе реакции [R]-1-(3-хлор-1-фенилпропокси)-2-метилбензола, который далее при обработке метиламином образует основание атомоксетина, выделяемое из раствора в виде соли с хлористоводородной кислотой. С целью поиска новых биологически активных соединений получен ряд сульфохлоридов с оксазольными и изоксазольными заместителями, которые далее вводились в реакцию с атомоксетином. Полученные в работе сульфонамиды удовлетворяют требованиям, предъявляемым к молекулам – кандидатам для биомедицинских исследований.Розроблено метод синтезу атомоксетину з використанням стереоспецифічного ферментативного каталізу. Карбонільна група в структурі 3-хлоро-1-феніл-пропан-1-ону регіоспецифічно відновлена з використанням NADPH-залежної карбонілредуктази (SSCR) в фосфатному буфері. В умовах реакції Міцунобу з о-крезолом відбувається обернення конфігурації кінцевого продукту з утворенням [R]-1-(3-хлоро-1-фенілпропокси)-2-метилбензолу, який далі при обробці метиламіном утворює основу атомоксетину, яка виділяється з розчину у вигляді солі з хлористоводневою кислотою. З метою пошуку нових біологічно активних сполук отримано ряд сульфохлоридів з оксазольними та ізоксазольними замісниками, які далі вводились в реакцію з атомоксетином. Отримані в роботі сульфонаміди відповідають вимогам, які висуваються до молекул – кандидатів для біомедичних досліджень

Towards an improved understanding of biogeochemical processes across surface-groundwater interactions in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams

Surface-groundwater interactions in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), waterways which do not flow year-round, are spatially and temporally dynamic because of alternations between flowing, non-flowing and dry hydrological states. Interactions between surface and groundwater often create mixing zones with distinct redox gradients, potentially driving high rates of carbon and nutrient cycling. Yet a complete understanding of how underlying biogeochemical processes across surface-groundwater flowpaths in IRES differ among various hydrological states remains elusive. Here, we present a conceptual framework relating spatial and temporal hydrological variability in surface water-groundwater interactions to biogeochemical processing hotspots in IRES. We combine a review of theIRES biogeochemistry literature with concepts of IRES hydrogeomorphology to: (i) outline common distinctions among hydrological states in IRES; (ii) use these distinctions, together with considerations of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles within IRES, to predict the relative potential for biogeochemical processing across different reach-scale processing zones (flowing water, fragmented pools, hyporheic zones, groundwater, and emerged sediments); and (iii) explore the potential spatial and temporal variability of carbon and nutrient biogeochemical processing across entire IRES networks. Our approach estimates the greatest reach-scale potential for biogeochemical processing when IRES reaches are fragmented into isolated surface water pools, and highlights the potential of relatively understudied processing zones, such as emerged sediments. Furthermore, biogeochemical processing in fluvial networks dominated by IRES is likely more temporally than spatially variable. We conclude that biogeochemical research in IRES would benefit from focusing on interactions between different nutrient cycles, surface-groundwater interactions in non-flowing states, and consideration of fluvial network architecture. Our conceptual framework outlines opportunities to advance studies and expand understanding of biogeochemistry in IRES

РОЛЬ ВТОРИЧНЫХ ФАКТОРОВ ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЯ МОЗГА В АКТИВАЦИИ СОСУДИСТОТРОМБОЦИТАРНОГО ГЕМОСТАЗА ПРИ ЧЕРЕПНОМОЗГОВОЙ ТРАВМЕ

Purpose of the study. To evaluate the role of secondary brain damage factors in activation of vascularplatelet hemostasis in traumatic brain injury (TBI).Material and methods. In the ICU, 30 patients with complex traumatic brain injury were examined and treated. In the posttraumatic period, in patient measurement of heart and vascular tone, platelets, hemoglobin, lactate, and active forms of oxygen in the blood were investigated.The study results have showed that damaged brain secondary factors accompanying concomitant TBI (circulatory insufficiency, hypoxia, acidosis and increased free radical formation) represent at the same time nonspecificstimuli for platelets and cells of blood vessels that consequently, cause systemic activation of the vascularplatelet link within the hemostasis system.Conclusion. Nonspecific systemic activation of the vascularplatelet hemostasis by secondary factors in the patients with concomitant TBI is one of pathogenetic components of ischemic brain damage.Цель исследования. Оценить роль вторичных факторов повреждения мозга в активации сосудисто-тромбоцитарного звена системы гемостаза при черепномозговой травме (ЧМТ).Материал и методы. В ОРиТ проведено обследование и лечение 30 пострадавших с сочетанной ЧМТ. В посттравматическом периоде у больных исследовали показатели сердечной деятельности и сосудистого тонуса, содержание тромбоцитов, гемоглобина, лактата и активных форм кислорода в крови.Результаты исследования показали, что сопровождающие сочетанную ЧМТ вторичные факторы повреждения мозга (недостаточность кровообращения, гипоксия, ацидоз и повышенное образование свободных радикалов) являются в то же время неспецифическими стимулами тромбоцитов и эндотелиоцитов кровеносных сосудов и, вследствие этого, вызывают системную активацию сосудистотромбоцитарного звена системы гемостаза.Заключение. Неспецифическая системная активация сосудистотромбоцитарного гемостаза вторичными факторами у больных при сочетанной ЧМТ является одним из патогенетических компонентов ишемического повреждения мозга

Simulating rewetting events in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams: a global analysis of leached nutrients and organic matter

Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and extent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico‐chemical changes (preconditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experimentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, riverbed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative characteristics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dissolved substances during rewetting events (56‐98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contributed most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached organic matter. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental variables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached substances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in global biogeochemical cycles, especially because prevalence of IRES will increase due to increasing severity of drying events

Simulating rewetting events in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams: A global analysis of leached nutrients and organic matter

Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and the ex‐ tent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico‐chemical changes (precon‐ ditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experi‐ mentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, river‐ bed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative character‐ istics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dis‐ solved substances during rewetting events (56%–98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contrib‐ uted most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached OM. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental vari‐ ables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached sub‐ stances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in global biogeochemical cycles, especially because prevalence of IRES will increase due to increasing severity of drying event

A global analysis of terrestrial plant litter dynamics in non-perennial waterways

Perennial rivers and streams make a disproportionate contribution to global carbon (C) cycling. However, the contribution of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which sometimes cease to flow and can dry completely, is largely ignored although they represent over half the global river network. Substantial amounts of terrestrial plant litter (TPL) accumulate in dry riverbeds and, upon rewetting, this material can undergo rapid microbial processing. We present the results of a global research collaboration that collected and analysed TPL from 212 dry riverbeds across major environmental gradients and climate zones. We assessed litter decomposability by quantifying the litter carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and oxygen (O2) consumption in standardized assays and estimated the potential short-term CO2 emissions during rewetting events. Aridity, cover of riparian vegetation, channel width and dry-phase duration explained most variability in the quantity and decomposability of plant litter in IRES. Our estimates indicate that a single pulse of CO2 emission upon litter rewetting contributes up to 10% of the daily CO2 emission from perennial rivers and stream, particularly in temperate climates. This indicates that the contributions of IRES should be included in global C-cycling assessments

Sediment respiration pulses in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams

Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES) may represent over half the global stream network, but their contribution to respiration and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is largely undetermined. In particular, little is known about the variability and drivers of respiration in IRES sediments upon rewetting, which could result in large pulses of CO2. We present a global study examining sediments from 200 dry IRES reaches spanning multiple biomes. Results from standardized assays show that mean respiration increased 32–66‐fold upon sediment rewetting. Structural equation modelling indicates that this response was driven by sediment texture and organic matter quantity and quality, which, in turn, were influenced by climate, land use and riparian plant cover. Our estimates suggest that respiration pulses resulting from rewetting of IRES sediments could contribute significantly to annual CO2 emissions from the global stream network, with a single respiration pulse potentially increasing emission by 0.2–0.7%. As the spatial and temporal extent of IRES increases globally, our results highlight the importance of recognizing the influence of wetting‐drying cycles on respiration and CO2 emissions in stream networks