Codification Model of Sports Tourism in Isfahan Based on Market Segmentation Approach

This research is a survey study in terms of type and applied in terms of objective. Field method also was used to collect the data in this research. The research population included 100000 sports tourists and top managers of Isfahan Sport and Youth General Directorate, Isfahan Sport and Youth Department, Isfahan Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, Isfahan Sport Board Heads, Physical Education Department Professors, and Marketing and Tourism of Isfahan Azad and State Universities (n=81). Delphi technique was used to develop the questionnaire. In descriptive statistics section of this research, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used based on the questionnaire. In the inferential section, the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) methods were used to determine the importance and identification of the important factors in sports tourism based on sustainable development with a market segmentation approach from the viewpoint of the research subjects. The advanced method of factor analysis was used in multivariate analyses. Its main function is determining the weight or importance of factors. Moreover, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to evaluate the interactive effects of demographic characteristics. PLS method was also used to establish the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The model fit was also assessed. In order to provide a basis to compare the views of experts with those of sports tourists, questionnaires of these two groups were encoded separately and the collected data were presented using spss21 software

Removal of E.coli and S. aureus from aqueous solution by using electrocoagulation/ electroflotation process

Background and aims: Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical method for the treatment of water and waste water. Water disinfection by electrochemical methods has been increasingly carried out recently. The aim of this applied research is to investigate the removal of E. coli and S. aureus bacteria from drinking water by using Electrocoagulation (EC) - Electroflotation (EF) with Stainless Steel - Graphite felt electrodes parallel with the monopole mode. Methods: An experimental study was conducted in a batch system. In this study, the contaminated water samples were prepared by adding104, 105 and 106 CFU/ml E. coli and S. aureus. Independent variables Including: different concentrations of E.coli and S. aureus bacteria (104, 105 and 106 CFU/ml), reaction time (5, 10, 15 and 20 min), initial pH (7, 8 and 9), electrode gap (1, 2 and 3 cm), current density (0.83, 1.67 and 3.3 mA/cm2) to determine the optimum conditions were investigated. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the results. Results: The results show that in the optimum conditions with increasing the pH from 7 to 9 removal efficiency of bacterial strains of E.coli and S. aureus were decreased significantly from 100% to 80% and 100% to 83%, respectively. In initial concentration of 105 CFU/ml, optimum conditions were obtained for current density, reaction time and electrodes gap; 3.3 mA/cm2, 20 min and 2 cm, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, E.coli and S. aureus removal efficiency in optimum conditions was obtained, 100%. Thus, the EC/EF process can be used for removal of pathogenic bacteria from drinking water

Coping strategies in children of parents deceased from cancer and children of parents healed from cancer

This study aimed to compare coping strategies in children of parents deceased from cancer and children of parents healed from cancer in the city of Shiraz, Iran. One-hundred and fifteen people [58 children of parents healed from cancer and 57 children of parents deceased from cancer] were recruited in this study via a convenience sampling method. Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations was used to measure different types of coping strategies [task-oriented coping strategy, emotion-oriented coping strategy, and avoidance coping strategy]. The results showed that the children of parents healed from cancer used task-oriented coping strategy significantly more than children of parents deceased from cancer. Moreover, the results showed that the use of emotion-oriented coping strategy in children of parents deceased from cancer was significantly more than children of parents healed from cancer. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in the use of avoidance coping. This study highlights the importance of coping strategies in families with a cancer parent which demands the importance of teaching appropriate coping strategies in order to reduce the adverse consequence of cancer in the family

Designing and Development of Electronic Health Records for Patients with Hydatidiform Mole and Evaluation of Completeness of Medical Records

Background and Aim To provide effective care, health care providers need timely and appropriate information. Electronic records provide quick access and easy management of data. The aim of this study was to develop electronic health records for patients with hydatidiform mole and evaluation of completeness of medical records Materials and Methods This applied study was conducted in 2017. After verifying the minimum data set required for the system, data were extracted from patient records using a checklist and entered into SQL server. SQL server 2012 and Visual Studio 2013 to design electronic records and SPSS 20 for data analysis was used. Extent of data completion in patient records was also assesed. Results Data on the completion of paper records indicated that in 100% of cases, “address” item was filled in. The less completed data was related to carotene deficiency (%1.1). Our findings also showed that the eight most important items like age of first menstruation, first gestational age, interval between pregnancies, number of sexual partners, menstruation between pregnancies, contraceptive methods, social habits and radiotherapy, were not completed in all records. Conclusion Many of the important minimum data set for hydatidiform mole disease were either not completed or completed in limited numbers in paper records. By developing such health records, we can ensure better prevention and treatment, and regular follow-up for the patients and help them to save their time and costs. Keywords: Hydatidiform Moles , Electronic Health Record , Minimum Data Set

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

An Investigation into Germination Patterns of Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in Reaction to Temperature, Salinity and Waterlogging Stress

Gaining insights into the germination and emergence patterns of weeds as well as the factors which have an impact on these patterns is beneficial for weeds management programs. In order to investigate the effect of temperature, waterlogging and salinity on germination and emergence of common lambsquarters, three separate experiments were conducted, adopting a completely randomized design with four replications. The results of the temperature experiment showed that the highest germination percentages, which were 87, 93 and 88%, were obtained in the temperature range of 15, 20 and 25°C, respectively. Maximum values of germination rate, radicle length, plumule length, and seedling dry weight were obtained at 20°C. In addition, optimum seed vigor index of 796.29 was observed at 20°C. The results of the Regression Model showed that germination percentage decreased with an increase in waterlogging duration and halted after 8 and 10 days of consecutive waterlogging. Mean comparisons revealed that radicle and plumule length, seedling dry weight and vigor index decreased significantly by increasing the period of waterlogging. Salinity adversely affected germination percentage, germination rate and seedling dry weight of common lambsquarters. These factors were at their highest amounts in the control and 50 mM NaCl treatments. A downward trend was observed in these factors as NaCl concentrations increased and finally the germination process stopped in concentrations ranging from 300 to 400 mM NaCl. Radicle and plumule length also decreased from 10.51 and 9.23 cm in the control treatment to 3.57 and 2.47 cm at 250 mM NaCl. Overall, the results revealed that the maximum seed vigor index of 851.84 was obtained in the control treatment and seed vigor halted when the salinity level increased to more than 250 mM NaCl. Finally, the results showed that optimum temperature for germination of common lamsquarters was 20 °C and the existence of salinity and waterlogging stress can decrease growth indices of this weed at germination and seedling stages

Investigation of Hydropriming and Osmopriming With ZnSo4 Effects on Characteristics Germination of Three Winter Rapeseed Cultivars

Seed priming is a method which is a quite effective method for improving germination and seedling establishment. Two separate experiments were performed to determine the best hydro and osmopriming treatments effects on canola‘s seed germination. The experiments were performed in seed technology laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran, 2014. The first experiment contained three canola varieties seeds hydropriming (Okapi, Zarfam and Talayeh) using tap water over time interval 0. 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 20 and 24 hours. The second experiment included, tree canola cultivars in accompany with six concentrations of ZnS04 (0, 0.035, 0.1, 0.4, 1 and 4 gr.Lit-1) over priming time interval of 0, 6, 10 14 and 18 hours. Both experiments were conducted as a factorial experiment in the context of completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The results revealed that the maximum germination percentage across all cultivars e.g. Okapi (99%), Zarfam (95%) and Talayeh (80%) is achieved at 10 hours hydropriming interval. Also concerning to germination rate, the best performance was observed for Talayeh cultivar at 10 hydropriming hour’s interval. The most vigor longitudinal and vigor weighted indices (1050.55 and 4.56) were observed in the Okapi cultivar in the fourth hydropriming level. The interaction between the cultivars, the concentration of ZnS04 and osmopriming time was significant for all characters except for shoot dry weight and vigor weighted Index. The three-way interaction showed that the highest shoots dry weight (0.11, 0.057 and 0.055) and also vigor weighted index observed in Okapi, Zarfam and Talayeh cultivar in 0.035 concentration of ZnS04 (gr.lit-1) at the time was 10 hours, respectively. The results of this study showed that hydropriming and ZnS04 might improve the performance of rapeseed Cultivars seed

Modelling Germination Pattern of Two Pigweed Ecotypes in Response to Temperature

Introduction: Seed germination is an important stage in the life history of plant affecting seedling development, survival, and population dynamics. Germination begins with seed, water uptake and terminates with the elongation of the embryonic axis from the seed coat. Germination and seedling emergence are the most important phonological development stages in pigweed and have a vital role in its establishment. Accordingly, predicting the phenological stages would be resulted in improvement of crop management as the number and time of pigweed emergence could be quantified. Sigmoidal curves, also known as growth models, have wide application in agricultural research and can be evaluated by means of nonlinear models, which operates through data modelling by a nonlinear combination of parameters depending on one or more independent variables. This study was conducted to evaluate various regression models to describe the response of germination rate to temperature range in two pigweed ecotypes (Alborz and Fars). Materials and Methods: A glasshouse experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were sterilized by soaking in a 3% solution of hypochlorite sodium for 30 seconds. After the treatment, the seeds were washed several times with distilled water. 25 seeds were put in each Petri dish (with 9 cm diameter). The petri dish is monitored on a daily basis and afterwards germinated seeds (according to exit of radicles to the size of 2 mm) were measured and recorded daily in each Petri dish. Six regression models were applied to quantify the germination patterns of two pigweed ecotypes (Alborz and Fars) under a range of temperature between 5 to 35 °C. For both regions, during spring and summer, the range of temperatures was selected in order to simulate the temperature changes. The models were included Weibull, Lognormal, Logistic, Gompertz, Sigmoidal and Chapman. Some criteria were used to describe the goodness of fits of the models, including coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square of error (RMSE) and Akaike index (AIC). Moreover, a simple program called Germin was used to calculate D10, D50 and D90 (the time interval to maximum 10, 50 and 90% of germination, respectively). Results and Discussion: Results showed that Weibull four-parameter and logistic models were the best for describing the germination rate in Alborz and Fars ecotypes, respectively compared to the other models. The difference between ecotypes could be attributed to their base temperatures and thermal time requirements at each developmental stage. Therefore, it can be concluded weed germination during different seasons is not a random phenomenon. However, the germination and emergence of a clear pattern over time follows the pattern of different environmental conditions is subject to change. Results also indicated that the time to D90 was only 4 and 5 days in Alborz and Fars ecotypes, respectively meaning that with increasing temperature during early spring, this weed would germinate much sooner than spring crops and consequently resulted in crop damage. The results showed that the in Alborz population, with increases temperature from 10 to 30 °C, germination percentage linearly increased and with increasing temperature to the desired temperature, it decreased. However, germination in Fars ecotype showed that, in temperatures 10, 15 and 20 °C respectively, the germination was 36, 56 and 84 percent, while, with an increase in temperature from 25 to 35 °C, this component was always a constant process. Germination rate increased with increasing temperature from 10 to 35 °C which was higher in Alborz ecotype compared to Fars. At lower temperatures, the main reason for less germination rate could be decrement of water imbibition and enzyme activity in biochemical processes of germination. Conclusion: Increasing public awareness and concern about the impacts of herbicides on the environment, development of herbicide-resistant weeds, and the high economic cost of herbicides have increased the need to reduce the amount of herbicides used in agriculture. Prediction of weed emergence timing would help reduce herbicide use through the optimization of the timing of weed control. It was concluded that Weibull four-parameter and logistic models could be used as decision making tools in Alborz and Fars, respectively, to predict seed emergence of pigweed which in turn resulted in efficient management as well as reduction of herbicides usage. Future research should be addressed to determine a wider validation of the models, which could be valuable tools for farmers and practitioners for adequate timing of control in pigweed weed