EFECTOS DE UN PROGRAMA ESTRUCTURADO DE ENTRENAMIENTO FUNCIONAL SOBRE LA CONDICIÓN FÍSICA SALUDABLE DE ADULTOS JÓVENES DE BARRANQUILLA (COLOMBIA)

Introduction: the structured programming of physical training helps to reduce the chances of suffering from chronic noncommunicable diseases, in the same way it increases the quality of people's health, especially in the cardiovascular, respiratory, neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems. This facilitates the optimization of healthy physical condition, an aspect that favors the individual, the development of daily activities with maximum functionality, efficiency and effectiveness. Objective: To verify the effects of a structured program of functional training on muscular endurance in young adults. Materials and Methods: Type of quasi-experimental study, with pre intervention and post intervention evaluation in an experimental group. In 15 young adults attending a gym in the city of Barranquilla, the tests were applied: upper end muscle resistance without time limit, abdominal muscle resistance in 1 min, lower limb muscle resistance and flexibility, the intervention was performed with a structured program of functional training comparing pretest and postest. Results: significant changes were presented after the intervention, comparing the results of the pre-test with those of the post-test, in muscular resistance of the upper limbs (mean: 33.29 vs 45.57) P: 0.04, flexibility (mean: 13.57 vs. 3.86) P: 0.05. Conclusions: It can be seen that muscular endurance and flexibility capacities can be adapted in a positive way through an intervention with a structured program of functional training, for 8 weeks, with a frequency of three times per week for 45 minutes/day.Introducción: la programación estructurada del entrenamiento físico contribuye a reducir las probabilidades de padecer enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, de igual manera aumenta la calidad de la salud de las personas, especialmente en los sistemas, cardiovascular, respiratoria, neuromuscular y musculoesquelético. Esto facilita la optimización de la condición física saludable, aspecto que favorece en el individuo el desarrollo de las actividades diarias con máxima funcionalidad, eficiencia y eficacia. Objetivo: Verificar los efectos de un programa estructurado de entrenamiento funcional sobre la resistencia muscular en adultos jóvenes. Materiales y Métodos: Tipo de estudio cuasi experimental, con evaluación pre intervención y post intervención en un grupo experimental. En 15 adultos jóvenes que asisten a un gimnasio de la ciudad de Barranquilla se aplicaron las pruebas: resistencia muscular del tren superior sin límite de tiempo, resistencia muscular del abdomen en 1 min, resistencia muscular de miembros inferiores y flexibilidad, la intervención se realizó con un programa estructurado de entrenamiento funcional comparando pre test y post test. Resultados: post intervención se presentaron cambios significativos comparando los resultados del pre test con los del post test, en resistencia muscular de miembros superiores (media: 33,29 vs 45,57) P: 0,04, flexibilidad (media: 13,57 vs 3,86)  P: 0,05. Conclusiones: Se puede constatar que las capacidades de resistencia muscular y flexibilidad se pueden adaptar de manera positiva a través de una intervención con un programa estructurado de entrenamiento funcional, por 8 semanas, con una frecuencia de tres veces por semana por 45 minutos/día

Preparation of Glycerol Carbonate Esters by using Hybrid Nafion-Silica Catalyst

Glycerol carbonate esters (GCEs), which are valuable biomass-deriv. compds., have been prepd. through the direct esterification of glycerol carbonate and long org. acids with different chain lengths, in the absence of solvent, and with heterogeneous catalysts, including acidic-org. resins, zeolites, and hybrid org.-inorg. acids. The best results, in terms of activity and selectivity towards GCEs, were obtained using a Nafion-silica composite. A full reaction scheme has been established, and it has been demonstrated that an undesired competing reaction results in the generation of glycerol and esters derived from a secondary hydrolysis of the endocyclic ester group, which is attributed to water formed during the esterification reaction. The influence of temp., substrate ratio, catalyst-to-substrate ratio, and the use of solvent has been studied and, under optimized reaction conditions and with the adequate catalyst, it was possible to achieve 95 % selectivity for the desired product at 98 % conversion. It was demonstrated that the reaction rate decreased as the no. of carbon atoms in the linear alkyl chain of the carboxylic acid increased for both p-toluenesulfonic acid and Nafion-silica nanocomposite (Nafion SAC-13) catalysts. After fitting the exptl. data to a mechanistically based kinetic model, the reaction kinetic parameters for Nafion SAC-13 catalysis were detd. and compared for reactions involving different carboxylic acids. A kinetic study showed that the reduced reactivity of carboxylic acids with increasing chain lengths could be explained by inductive as well as steric effects.The authors wish to acknowledge the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry (Consolider Ingenio 2010, CTQ-2011-27550 and MULTICAT CSD2009-00050 projects) and the Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo program) for their financial support. S.M. thanks the Ministerio de Educacion for a FPI fellowship.Climent Olmedo, MJ.; Corma Canós, A.; Iborra Chornet, S.; Martínez Silvestre, S.; Velty ., A. (2013). Preparation of Glycerol Carbonate Esters by using Hybrid Nafion-Silica Catalyst. ChemSusChem. 6(7):1224-1234. doi:10.1002/cssc.201300146S1224123467BUDRONI, G., & CORMA, A. (2008). Gold and gold–platinum as active and selective catalyst for biomass conversion: Synthesis of γ-butyrolactone and one-pot synthesis of pyrrolidone. Journal of Catalysis, 257(2), 403-408. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2008.05.031Climent, M. J., Corma, A., & Iborra, S. (2011). 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Multiscale approach of fish responses to different types of environmental contaminations: A case study

In order to study the responses of wild fish to environmental contaminations, different sites (two references and three contaminated) were sampled across the Walloon hydrographical network (southern Belgium). The status of fish communities was characterized according to an index of biotic integrity (1131). Furthermore, population structure, reproductive parameters and biochemical assays were performed on chub (Leuciscus cephalus) as sentinel species. The results showed impaired responses in fish sampled downstream paper mill effluents (BKME), in a polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) contaminated site, and in a river receiving pesticides (i.e. atrazine and hexachlorocyclohexane). High level of hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-Odeethylase (EROD) activity were evidence of direct toxicant exposure, while population structures showed unbalanced size-frequency distributions. Moreover, in the pesticide contaminated site, a higher proportion of atretic oocytes was found in females and abnormally high plasma alkali-labile phosphorus (ALP) values were noticed in males, compared to reference sites, suggesting that chubs were exposed to estrogenic compounds. IBI scores from both sites were also lower than in reference sites. On the other hand, no particular response was found in hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, hepatic heat-shock protein HSP70 concentrations and plasma sex steroids (estradiol-17 beta, 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone) in chubs from any sites. By using a multiparametric approach, a better understanding of response mechanisms to pollution in fish may be achieved in order to improve the ecological status of river ecosystems. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved

Fronteras, movilidades humanas, políticas y desarrollo en Latinoamérica

En la actualidad las fronteras constituyen unos de los principales contextos donde se materializan todo tipo de problemáticas de la región. Por su dinámica, la frontera obliga a tener una mirada muy amplia al ser un espacio con variedad de actores individuales, sociales, económicos, políticos e institucionales. El presente libro es el esfuerzo conjunto de la Red Latinoamericana de Estudios Fronterizos (RELATEF), la Red de Movilidad Humana colombo-venezolana y la Universidad de Santander de Cúcuta, quienes hemos venido trabajando intensamente desde hace varios años, a través de seminarios, conferencias y congresos en el estudio de los problemas de la frontera en la región latinoamericana. Los trabajos que se incluyen en esta obra son algunas de las muchas investigaciones que se han presentado y discutido, con lo cual se demuestra la riqueza del trabajo realizado como redes respecto de la movilidad humana, las políticas y el desarrollo en las fronteras